Plaintiff Sanctioned for Burning Personal Computer

Evans v. Mobile Cnty. Health Dept., No. CA 10-0600-WS-C, 2012 WL 206141 (S.D. Ala. Jan. 24, 2012)

In this case, the defendant sought to compel the production of additional information and sanctions for plaintiff’s destruction of her computer.  Following its analysis of the facts, including plaintiff’s admission that the computer used during the time of her alleged harassment had been burned and replaced, the court granted defendant’s motions and compelled production of additional ESI as well as plaintiff’s new computer and imposed sanctions, including an adverse inference instruction.

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Failure to Produce Originals Could be Spoliation in Third Circuit

Bull v. United Parcel Service, Inc., --- F.3d ---, 2012 WL 10932 (3d Cir. Jan. 4, 2012)

In this case, the appellate court concluded that “producing copies in instances where the originals have been requested may constitute spoliation if it would prevent discovering critical information,” but found that in the present case, the District Court abused its discretion in finding that spoliation had occurred and in imposing a sanction of dismissal with prejudice.

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Plaintiff "Entitled" to Search Non-Party's Personal Hard Drive Pursuant to Modified Subpoena

Wood v. Town of Warsaw, N.C., No. 7:10-CV-00219-D, 2011 WL 6748797 (E.D.N.C. Dec. 22, 2011)

Defendant moved to modify a subpoena which sought access to a non-party’s personal hard drive.  Upon plaintiff’s clarification that he would bear the costs of the search and cooperate to negotiate search terms and that he sought only the non-privileged ESI identified by search terms and not all contents of the drive, the court ordered that the non-party’s counsel could review the results before production and allowed the search to go forward.

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The "American Rule" Rules: Court Declines to Compel Defendants to Share Cost of Plaintiffs' Subpoena

Last Atlantis Capital LLC v. AGS Specialist Partners, No. 04 C 0397, 2011 WL 6097769 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 5, 2011)

In this case, Plaintiffs proposed that Defendants share in the cost of obtaining data that Plaintiffs subpoenaed.  Obtaining the information at issue was described by the court as “the linchpin of this entire matter.”  Moreover, the court had suggested (at a status conference) that it would be “reasonable” for Defendants to aid in half the costs.  However, Defendants “steadfastly maintained that they ha[d] no independent need for the information, except for rebuttal purposes” and objected strongly to the proposed cost-sharing on the grounds that there was “neither reason nor precedent” for it.  Noting that “the time to take definitive stance on the issue ha[d] arrived,” the court agreed.

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Court Grants Cross Motions for Spoliation Sanctions, Imposes Adverse Inference Against Both Parties

Patel v. Havana Bar, Restaurant & Catering, No. 10-1383, 2011 WL 6029983 (E.D. Pa. Dec. 5, 2011)

In this opinion addressing the parties’ cross motions for sanctions, the court ordered an adverse inference for defendants’ failure to preserve relevant video surveillance footage and an adverse inference for plaintiff’s failure to preserve relevant witness statements.  For plaintiff’s other discovery violations, including delayed and piecemeal production of witness statements and failure to timely produce a full copy of the relevant police report, as well as for the spoliation of witness statements, the court ordered re-deposition of several witnesses at plaintiff’s expense.  The court also awarded defendants’ attorneys fees and costs “for the time and effort they expended in attempting to obtain discovery that they were entitled to receive.”

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Weighing the Burden, Court Excuses Plaintiff from Reviewing Millions of Pages from Unallocated Space

I-Med Pharma, Inc. v. Biomatrix, Inc., No. 03-3677 (DRD), 2011 WL 6140658 (D.N.J. Dec. 9, 2011)

“This case highlights the dangers of carelessness and inattention in e-discovery.”  In this case, the court affirmed the order of the Magistrate Judge which excused plaintiff from the obligation of reviewing and producing millions of pages of documents recovered from unallocated space files in light of the extreme burden and cost of such an undertaking.

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Court Finds Costs Related to Database "Used as Means of Document Production" are Taxable but Reverses Award in Light of Cost Sharing Agreement

In re Ricoh Co., Ltd. Patent Litig., No. 2011-1199, 2011 WL 5928689 (Fed. Cir. Nov. 23, 2011)

In this case, Ricoh sought review of the district court’s award of costs to Synopsys related to the parties’ use of Stratify (“a third-party electronic database service”) for the production of email.  The appellate court concluded that the district court did not err in determining that costs related to the database could be recovered pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1920(4), but reversed the lower court’s award in light of the parties' agreement to split the costs.

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Sanctions Ordered for Failure to Adequately "Preserve, Search for, and Collect Potentially Relevant Information"

Naaco Materials Handling Group, Inc. v. Lilly Co., No. 11-2415 AV, 2011 WL 5986649 (W.D. Tenn. Nov. 16, 2011)

In this case, the court found that defendant “failed to take reasonable steps to preserve, search for, and collect potentially relevant information . . . after its duty to preserve evidence was triggered by being served with the complaint” which may have resulted in the destruction of relevant evidence.  Further, defendant failed to present an adequately prepared and knowledgeable 30(b)(6) deponent.  Accordingly, sanctions were imposed, including, among other things, additional discovery, additional forensic imaging at defendant’s expense, and monetary sanctions.

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Software Necessary to View Files Subject to Production under NY Freedom of Information Law

TJS of New York, Inc. v. New York State Dep’t of Taxation and Fin., 932 N.Y.S.2d 243 (N.Y. App. Div. Nov. 3, 2011)

In this case, the court determined that the software program necessary to view certain files produced to the petitioner subject to New York’s Freedom of Information Law was a “record” for purposes of the law and was thus subject to production itself.

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Prosecution Not Required to Re-Produce Voluminous ESI in Categorized Batches

United States v. Rubin/Chambers, Dunhill Ins. Servs., No. 09 Cr. 1058, 2011 WL 5448066 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 4, 2011)

In this case, defendants were charged with crimes “arising out of an alleged conspiracy . . . to illegally rig bids, fix prices, and manipulate the market for investment instruments known as municipal derivatives.”  Following the prosecution’s production of ESI, defendants sought to compel re-production in categorized batches relating to transactions with certain characteristics.  Defendants’ motion was denied.

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Client & Counsel Sanctioned for Spoliation where Plaintiff was Instructed to "Clean Up" His Facebook Page

Lester v. Allied Concrete Co., Nos. CL.08-150, CL09-223 (Va. Cir. Ct. Sept. 1, 2011); Lester v. Allied Concrete Co., Nos. CL08-150, CL09-223 (Va. Cir. Ct. Oct. 21, 2011)

In this case, significant monetary sanctions were ordered against the plaintiff and his counsel for egregious discovery violations, including intentional deletion of pictures on Plaintiff’s Facebook page per the instructions of Counsel and subsequent efforts to cover those instructions up, among others.

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California Federal Court Grants Motion to Adopt Version of Model Order on E-Discovery in Patent Cases Promulgated by Federal Circuit

DCG Sys., Inc. v. Checkpoint Techs., LLC, No. C-11-03792 PSG, 2011 WL 5244356 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 2, 2011)

In this patent case, Defendant sought an order adopting a modified version of the Model Order on E-Discovery in Patent Cases (“Model Order”) recently promulgated by a subcommittee of the Advisory Council of the Federal Circuit (available here).  Significantly, the Model Order limits the discovery of email by placing limitations on the allowable number of custodians and search terms.  According to the court, such limitations “are designed to address the imbalance of benefit and burden resulting from email production in most cases.”  The order proposed by the Defendant similarly limited the discovery of email.

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Court Denies Motion to Re-Tax Costs Related to Conversion of ESI, Including Costs for "Project Management"

Jardin v. DATAllegro, Inc., No. 08-CV-1462-IEG (WVG), 2011 WL 4835742 (S.D. Cal. Oct. 12, 2011)

Here, the court denied Plaintiff’s “motion to stay, deny, or re-tax the Clerk’s taxation of costs awarded to Defendants.”  Specifically, the court declined to deny or re-tax costs awarded for converting data to the .TIFF format or to deny or re-tax costs related to a project manager who “oversaw the process of converting data to the .TIFF format to prevent inconsistent or duplicative processing.”  Regarding the latter, the court reasoned that “[b]ecause the project manager’s duties were limited to the physical production of data, the related costs are recoverable.” 

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Court Acknowledges Calls for Caution when Applying "Proportionality Test" to Preservation, Denies Motion for Protective Order

Pippins v. KPMG LLP, No. 11 Civ. 0377 (CM)(JLC), 2011 WL 4701849 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 7, 2011)

KPMG sought a protective order to limit the scope of its preservation obligation or to shift a portion of its preservation costs to plaintiffs.  At the time, the parties awaited ruling on plaintiffs’ Motion to Certify and KPMG was preserving more than 2,500 hard drives at a cost of more than $1,500,000.  Following the court’s analysis, the motion was denied.

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District Court Allows Taxation of Costs Related to Electronic Discovery

In re Aspartame Antitrust Litig., No. 2:06-CV-1732-LDD, 2011 WL 4793239 (E.D. Pa. Oct. 5, 2011)

In this case, the court addressed plaintiffs’ motion to deny or reduce defendants’ bill of costs, and in particular their objections to the costs related to electronic discovery.  Recognizing that “taxing e-discovery is a new area of law where courts have diverged in their approaches,” the court denied plaintiff’s motion as to many of the costs at issue but did disallow or reduce some costs, including those incurred for the convenience of counsel.

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Privilege Waived for Failure to take "Reasonable Means" to Preserve Confidentiality

Pacific Coast Steel, Inc. v. Leany, No. 2:09-cv-12190-KJD-PAL, 2011 WL 4573243 (D. Nev. Sept. 30, 2011)

Plaintiffs purchased the assets of several companies in which Defendant Leany had an ownership interest and hired him as an Executive Vice President of Pacific Coast Steel (“PCS”).  Leany was eventually terminated and his computer seized.  The privileged documents at issue in this opinion were either on Leany’s work computer at the time of his termination or had been migrated to a PCS server from one of defendants’ servers that was purchased by the plaintiffs.  When litigation ensued, defendants sought the return of the privileged documents in plaintiffs’ possession and a protective order prohibiting inquiry into certain areas related to those documents.  The court declined to grant the protective order upon finding that defendants’ privilege was waived because of their failure to “take reasonable means to preserve the confidentiality of the privileged information.”

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Cloud Computing Case Clarifies Applicability of U.S. Privacy Law to Non-U.S. Nationals

By: Susan Altman, K&L Gates, Pittsburgh

The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, in its October 3, 2011 decision in Suzlon Energy Ltd v. Microsoft Corporation, has taken another step in defining the rights of people to protect their emails from being disclosed in civil court proceedings.  The question before the Suzlon court was whether a party can require a U.S. electronic communication service provider to produce emails stored on a U.S. server for the account of a non-U.S. national without regard to the safeguards and restrictions imposed by the Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 (ECPA).  The court answered with a clear “no,” stating that the protections of the ECPA against unrestricted disclosure of emails by an electronic communication service provider apply to non-U.S. nationals as well as to U.S. citizens.

To continue reading, click here (and be taken to K&L Gates' Legal Cloud Central Blog).

Court Sanctions Defendants for Elaborate Spoliation, Declines to Sanction Misled Counsel Unaware of "What was Going on Behind the Scenes"

United Cent. Bank v. Kanan Fashions, Inc., No. 10 CV 331, 2011 WL 4396912 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 31, 2011); United Cent. Bank v. Kanan Fashions, Inc., No. 10 C 331, 2011 WL 4396856 (N.D. Ill. Sept. 21, 2011)

In this case, the magistrate judge recommended sanctions against defendants for their bad faith spoliation of a relevant server where the evidence strongly suggested that defendants arranged for the sale of the server to company in Dubai, which resulted in the unavailability of its admittedly relevant contents.  The magistrate judge declined to sanction defendants' attorneys, however, where the evidence indicated that they made efforts to ensure preservation but were misled by their clients and unaware “of what was going on behind the scenes.”

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Court Orders Government to Reproduce ESI, Discusses Need for Criminal Rules Addressing Electronic Discovery

United States v. Briggs, No. 10CR184S, 2011 WL 4017886 (W.D.N.Y. Sept. 8, 2011)

Defendants were charged with several counts related to the distribution of cocaine.  In its disclosures, the Government produced thousands of pages of documents as well as audio recordings, none of which were text searchable.  Defendants sought reproduction.  Noting the lack of relevant criminal rules and discussing the requirements of Fed. R. Civ. P. 34, the court relied upon its inherent authority to order reproduction in native format or in a PDF format “suitable for searching.”

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Court Denies Motion to Exclude Inadvertently Produced Email, Rejects Argument that 26(b)(5)(B) Request for the Email's Return Satisfied FRE 502(b)(3) Obligation

Williams v. District of Columbia, No. 06-02076 (CKK), 2011 WL 3659308 (D.D.C. Aug. 17, 2011)

In this case, the court denied the defendant’s motion to exclude an inadvertently produced email where the defendant failed to satisfy the burden of establishing that reasonable steps were taken to prevent disclosure and where the defendant failed to promptly take reasonable steps to rectify the error.  In so holding, the court rejected the defendant’s argument that its actions pursuant to Rule 26(b)(5)(B) (i.e. sending a written request for the return of the email) were sufficient to discharge its obligations under FRE 502(b)(3).

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Special Master Considers Whether Attachments to Emails Must be Produced

Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank v. Morgan Stanley & Co, Inc., No. 08 Civ. 7508(SAS), 2011 WL 3738979 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 18, 2011)

In this case, the Special Master considered the question of whether, under the particular circumstances of this case, emails and their attachments should be considered singular or separate entities and thus, whether they must be produced together.  While no definitive answer emerged, the Special Master’s consideration of the issues and resulting recommendation are illuminating, and were ultimately adopted by District Court Judge Shira Scheindlin.

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Court Orders Defendant to Re-Post Facebook Profile Picture Showing Infringing Trade Dress to Allow Plaintiff an Opportunity to Print Chosen Posts

Katiroll Co., Inc. v. Kati Roll & Platters, Inc., No. 10-3620 (GEB), 2011 WL 3583408 (D.N.J. Aug. 3, 2011)

In this trademark infringement case, Plaintiff sought sanctions for defendants’ alleged spoliation of several categories of evidence, including the contents of the individual defendant’s Facebook page.  Specifically, plaintiff sought sanctions for the defendant’s failure to preserve his Facebook pages in their “original state” i.e., before they were taken down, and because he changed the Facebook profile picture (which had previously displayed the infringing trade dress at issue) without preserving the prior image.  The court held that while the spoliation was unintentional, it was nonetheless “somewhat prejudicial” and ordered the defendant to change the picture back for a brief time, to allow plaintiff to print whatever posts it found relevant.

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Defendants' "Completely Ineffective" Review Procedure and Failure to Rectify the Inadvertent Disclosure in a Timely Way Results in Finding of Waiver

Thorncreek Apartments III, LLC v. Vill. of Park Forest, Nos. 8 C 1225, 08-C-0869, 08-C-4303, 2011 WL 3489828 (N.D. Ill. Aug. 9, 2011)

The court held that privilege was waived as to inadvertently produced documents where defendants failed to take reasonable steps to prevent disclosure and failed to rectify the error in a timely way.  In so finding, the court cited defendants’ failure to conduct a final check before production, the failure of the process to protect any privilege (all privileged documents were produced), the nine months between production and discovery of the disclosure, and the failure to timely produce a privilege log, among other things.

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Court Declines to Excuse Production where Party's Negligent Failure to Preserve Rendered Data "Less Accessible"

United States v. Universal Health Servs., Inc., No. 1:07cv000054, 2011 WL 3426046 (W.D. Va. Aug. 5, 2011)

Here, the Commonwealth sought to avoid producing allegedly inaccessible information.  The court declined to excuse production, reasoning in part that it was the Commonwealth’s own “negligent failure to take steps to adequately preserve information” which rendered the information "less accessible."  Instead, the court indicated that it would order the backup tapes and forensic images be produced to defendants “for use by a commercial vendor” to retrieve the information “in a format usable by the Commonwealth” and that defendants would bear the costs, subject to a motion seeking reimbursement.

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For Key Employees' Bad Faith, Intentional Spoliation, Court Imposes Adverse Inference and Monetary Sanctions

E.I. Du Pont De Nemours & Co. v. Kolon Indus., Inc., No. 3:09cv58, 2011 WL 2966862 (E.D. Va. July 21, 2011)

The court found that defendant breached its preservation duty when key employees intentionally deleted ESI in bad faith.  Acknowledging Kolon’s (insufficient) attempts to place a litigation hold, the court declined to impose default judgment, but ordered sanctions in the form of attorneys’ fees, expenses and costs related to the motion, and an adverse inference instruction.  In so doing, the court rejected arguments that plaintiff suffered no prejudice and that because many of the files were recovered, there was no spoliation.

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Timing is Still Everything: Motion for Spoliation Sanctions Denied as Untimely

Am. Nat’l Prop. & Cas. Co. v. Campbell Ins., Inc., No. 3:08-cv-00604, 2011 WL 3021399 (M.D. Tenn. July 22, 2011)

In this case, the court denied plaintiff’s Motion for Sanctions for Spoliation of Evidence as untimely, citing the facts that it had been 14 months since the alleged spoliation was discovered, that discovery had already closed, and that trial was weeks away.  In reaching its conclusion, the court relied heavily on the summary of the law regarding the timeliness of spoliation motions laid out by the court in Goodman v. Praxair Servs., Inc., 632 F. Supp. 2d 494 (D. Md. 2009).

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Foreign Applicant's Request for Secret Access to Foreign Debtor's Emails "Manifestly Contrary" to U.S. Public Policy

In re Toft, No. 11-11049 (ALG), 2011 WL 3023544 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. July 22, 2011)

In this case, a foreign applicant, Dr. Martin Prager, sought recognition and enforcement of a German court’s “Mail Interception Order” which authorized Prager, as insolvency administrator, to intercept the debtor’s postal and electronic mail.  The court, following its determination that there was a sufficient basis to exercise jurisdiction, denied the application upon finding that the relief requested was manifestly contrary to U.S. public policy.

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Court Upholds Sanctions against "International Man of Mystery" citing Affirmative Actions to Destroy Relevant Documents in Unallocated Space

Genger v. TR Investors, LLC, No. 592,2010, 2011 WL 2802832 (Del. July 18, 2011)

As previously summarized on this blog (here), the Delaware Court of Chancery ordered sanctions against the defendant for wiping the unallocated space on his company’s computer system, despite a court order prohibiting such destruction.  On appeal, the Delaware Supreme Court upheld the sanctions, citing the defendant’s intentional, affirmative actions to destroy documents, and clarified that it did not “read the Court of Chancery’s Spoliation Opinion to hold that as a matter of routine document retention procedures, a computer hard drive’s unallocated free space must always be preserved.”

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For e-Discovery Efforts "Wholly Devoid of Competence" and for Spoliation, Court Orders Sanctions and Prohibits Indemnification from Insurer

PIC Group, Inc. v. LandCoast Insulation, Inc., No. 1:09-CV-662-KS-MTP, 2011 WL 2669144 (S.D. Miss. July 7, 2011)

A Special Master determined that defendant’s discovery failures were largely the result of a “callous and careless attitude” rather than a “craven effort to hide or destroy information”, save one instance of intentional deletion by defendant’s Manager of Legal Affairs.  Adopting in part the Special Master’s recommendations, the court ordered sanctions, including production of the non-privileged contents of the manager’s hard drive and payment of plaintiff’s attorney’s costs and fees, with the condition that payment be rendered by defendant, not its insurance company.

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Court Rejects Refusal to Issue Litigation Hold Before 26(f) Conference, Orders Litigation Hold on All Evidence Reasonably Related to Pending Litigation

Haraburda v. Arcelor Mittal USA, Inc., No. 2:11 cv 93, 2011 WL 2600756 (N.D. Ind. June 28, 2011)

In this case, plaintiff came to believe, based on defendant’s comments and refusal to issue a litigation hold, that relevant evidence would be destroyed.  Accordingly, plaintiff moved for an Order to Preserve Evidence.  Following consideration of the relevant factors and upon rejecting defendant’s arguments that plaintiff's motion was improper prior to the parties’ Rule 26(f) conference, the court granted the motion and ordered defendant to implement a litigation hold on information that may reasonably be related to the pending litigation.

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Court Reviews Plaintiff's Facebook Account to Identify Material Subject to Discovery

Offenback v. L.M. Bowman, Inc., No. 1:10-CV-1789, 2011 WL 2491371 (M.D. Pa. June 22, 2011)

In this case arising from a car accident which the plaintiff claimed resulted in physical and psychological injuries, the parties invited the court to conduct a review of Plaintiff’s social networking accounts “in order to determine whether certain information contained within Plaintiff's accounts is properly subject to discovery.”  Using Plaintiff’s log-in information, the court reviewed Plaintiff’s Facebook account, including “a thorough review of Plaintiff’s ‘Profile’ postings, photographs, and other information.”  (Plaintiff's MySpace account was not searched as it had not been accessed since November 2008 and Plaintiff could not locate the log-in information.)  The court then identified potentially relevant information to be produced, including, for example, photos and updates indicating recent motorcycle trips and “photographs and comments suggesting that he may have recently ridden a mule.”  In finding that some of the “public information contained in Plaintiff’s account is properly subject to limited discovery in this case,” the court noted Plaintiff’s acknowledgment that “limited [relevant] ‘public’ information is clearly discoverable under recent case law.”

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Judge Scheindlin Withdraws Opinion in Nat'l Day Laborer Org. Network v. United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency

Nat'l Day Laborer Org. Network v. United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency, 10 Civ. 3488 (SAS) (S.D.N.Y. June 17, 2011)

On February 7, 2011, Judge Scheindlin issued an opinion in which she concluded that “metadata maintained by the agency as a part of an electronic record is presumptively producible under FOIA, unless the agency demonstrates that such metadata is not ‘readily reproducible.’”  (See a summary of that opinion here.)  The opinion also provided substantial guidance regarding the “minimum fields of metadata that should accompany any production of a significant collection of ESI."  That opinion has now been withdrawn.

The text of the Order withdrawing the opinion is short, and is provided below:

This court has been informed that the parties have recently resolved their dispute regarding the form and format in which records will be produced by defendants in this Freedom of Information Act lawsuit.  In the interests of justice, this Court now believes that it would be prudent to withdraw the opinion it issued on February 7, 2011 (Docket #41).  I do so because, as subsequent submissions have shown, that decision was not based on a full and developed record.  By withdrawing the decision, it is the intent of this Court that the decision shall have no precedential value in this lawsuit or in any other lawsuit.

The Court also withdraws its Supplemental Order dated February 14, 2011 (Docket # 50).

A copy of the opinion is also available here.

Court Rejects Objection to Portion of Monetary Sanctions, Orders Payment of $571,440.12 by July 15

Victor Stanley, Inc. v. Creative Pipe, Inc., No. MJG-06-2662 (D. Md. June 15, 2011)

In another chapter of the Victor Stanley saga, the defendant objected to payment of the remaining balance of the monetary sanction ordered as a result of its spoliation of evidence (see Victor Stanley II).  Specifically, the defendant had been ordered to pay a monetary sanction “equivalent to Plaintiff’s fees and costs ‘associated with all discovery that would not have been un[der]taken but for Defendant’s spoliation, as well as the briefings and hearing regarding Plaintiff’s Motion for Sanctions.’”  The total award of sanctions amounted to $1,049,850.04.  Defendant objected to payment of fees which it alleged were unrelated to its spoliation.  The District Court disagreed and found that the recommended award was proper.  Accordingly, defendant was ordered to pay the remaining balance of the sanction, $571,440.12, by July 15, 2011.

A copy of the order is available here.

Court Orders Monetary Sanctions Against Client and Counsel for Discovery Violations, Including Counsel's Failure to Make "Reasonable Inquiry"

Play Visions, Inc. v. Dollar Tree Stores, Inc., No. C09-1769 MJP (W.D. Wash. June 8, 2011)

For discovery violations, including (among others) false certification that all relevant records were kept in paper format, delayed and inadequate production and failure to search for documents in a timely manner, and counsel’s failure to adequately familiarize himself with his client’s document retention practices or to assist in the production of documents, the court imposed monetary sanctions equal to the amount expended because of plaintiff’s discovery abuses, to be born by plaintiff and its counsel jointly and severally.

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No Sanctions for Failure to Preserve Disaster Recovery Back-up Tapes where Other Preservation Efforts were Reasonable "In the Context of This Case"

Gaalla v. Citizens Med. Ctr., No. V-10-14, 2011 WL 2115670 (S.D. Tex. May 27, 2011)

Plaintiffs moved for sanctions based on defendant’s failure to preserve its disaster recovery back-up tapes, which were overwritten every seven or fourteen days, even after the filing of this lawsuit.  Further, “as the briefing developed,” plaintiffs “appeared to contend” that even absent a duty to preserve the disaster recovery back-up tapes themselves, “[defendant]’s failure to preserve the back-up tapes in conjunction with the failure to take timely ‘snapshots’… of relevant email accounts, and evidence that certain CMC employees had deleted emails from their account at some point in the past warrant[ed] severe sanctions.” 

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Court Grants Motion to Compel, Orders Forensic Imaging of Defendants' Computers

Weatherford U.S., L.P. v. Innis, No. 4:09-cv-061, 2011 WL 2174045 (D.N.D. June 2, 2011)

Plaintiff alleged that a former employee had downloaded its confidential information and used it to “jump start” his own competing company.  Defendant Innis acknowledged that he had downloaded the information, but denied accessing or using it as plaintiff alleged.  Forensic examination of the thumb drive containing the downloaded information contradicted his claims.  Thereafter, plaintiff filed a motion to compel production of  materials previously identified in a subpoena duces tecum and, “to minimize disruption to defendants’ operations and alleviate their concerns about the disclosure of privileged communications,” proposed that an expert of plaintiff’s choosing be allowed to image defendants’ computers at plaintiff’s expense, and that defendants be allowed to screen the imaged documents prior to their production.  Citing Innis’s acknowledgment that he had copied plaintiff’s confidential information and evidence that he had accessed it thereafter, the court granted plaintiff’s motion to compel.

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For Discovery Violation of "Exotic Magnitude", Court Denies Reconsideration of Order Compelling Production and Finding that Objections were Waived

DL v. District of Columbia, No. 05-1437 (RCL), 2011 WL 1770468 (D.D.C. May 9, 2011)

Upon learning that the District intended to produce email on a rolling basis even after trial had concluded despite two prior court orders compelling production, the court held that the District had waived all objections, including privileges, and ordered production within one week of the close of trial.  Defendants moved for reconsideration.  Likening the proposed production to “a plane with landing gear that deploys just after touchdown, or a stick of dynamite with a unique fuse that ignites only after it explodes,” the court denied the motion.

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Federal Circuit Addresses Dueling Rambus Opinions, Remands both for Further Consideration

Micron Tech., Inc. v. Rambus Inc., NO. 2009-1263, 2011 WL 1815975 (Fed. Cir. May 13, 2011) (Micron II); Hynix Semiconductor, Inc. v. Rambus Inc., Nos. 2009-1299, 2009-1347, 2011 WL 1815978 (Fed. Cir. May 13, 2011) (Hynix II)

Two federal courts analyzing nearly identical facts came to different conclusions regarding whether a party to both litigations had committed spoliation by destroying relevant documents.  Specifically, the courts differed in their determinations of when the duty to preserve arose, which hinged on when litigation was reasonably foreseeable.  One court issued significant sanctions and one court issued none.  On appeal, the Federal Circuit sought to clarify the analysis of when the duty to preserve was triggered and remanded both cases for further consideration.

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Court Orders Payment of E-Discovery Costs Pursuant to Title 28 U.S.C. § 1920(4)

Race Tires Amer., Inc. v. Hoosier Racing Tire, Corp., No. 2:07-cv-1294, 2011 WL 1748620 (W.D. Pa. May 6, 2011)

Following summary judgment, the Clerk of Court issued his Taxation of Costs which allowed for recovery of defendants’ e-discovery costs.  Plaintiffs objected, arguing that such costs were not taxable pursuant to Title 28 U.S.C. § 1920 and sought review of the issue.  Following careful analysis, the court upheld the determination of the Clerk of Court.

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Court Orders Cooperation to Create ESI Protocol and Re-Production of ESI in Searchable Format

In re Facebook PPC Adver. Litig., No. C09-3043 JF (HRL), 2011 WL 1324516 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 6, 2011)

In this case, the court granted plaintiffs’ motion to compel Facebook’s participation in the creation of an ESI Protocol, despite Facebook’s resistance, and ordered that Facebook re-produce ESI in native format.  The court also prohibited Facebook’s use of Watchdox.com, a website on which Facebook had made available responsive documents, subject to its significant control (e.g., uploaded documents could not be printed and Facebook was able to track which documents had been reviewed and by whom).

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Court Declines to Hold that Lack of Written Litigation Hold Allows Presumption that Relevant Evidence was Lost or Destroyed

Steuben Foods, Inc. v. Country Gourmet Foods, LLC, No. 08-CV-561S(F), 2011 WL 1549450 (W.D.N.Y. Apr. 21, 2011)

Relying largely on the holding of Pension Comm. of Univ. of Montreal Pension Plan v. Bank of Am. Secs., defendant argued that plaintiff’s failure to issue a written litigation hold and subsequent failure to produce three allegedly relevant emails allowed for a presumption that relevant evidence was lost, thereby warranting spoliation sanctions.  Declining to adopt such a holding, the court denied defendant’s motion for sanctions absent evidence that plaintiff was responsible for the destruction or loss of any relevant evidence.

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Court Declines to Compel Government to Contribute to Creation of Database to Ease Defendant's Discovery Burden, Recommends Application for Assistance Pursuant to Criminal Justice Act

United States v. Salyer, Cr. No. S-10-0061 LKK [GGH], 2011 WL 1466887 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 18, 2011)

“Unlike the usual discovery dispute—not enough produced—the dispute between the parties [in this case] involves too much produced, in too many formats, and whether the defense has been given a fair opportunity within the parameters of an adversary system of criminal justice to make use of that discovery.”

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Court Rejects "Shifting Duty" Theory of Preservation, Denies Sanctions Absent Showing that Crucial Evidence was Destroyed in Bad Faith

Point Blank Solutions, Inc. v. Toyobo Am., Inc., No. 09-6116-CIV, 2011 WL 1456029 (S.D. Fla. Apr. 5, 2011)

Plaintiffs sought sanctions for defendants’ alleged spoliation of evidence, including email correspondence, communications with other body armor manufacturers, and internal communications, among other things.  Finding that plaintiffs failed to show that crucial evidence was destroyed in bad faith, as is required for an adverse inference in the 11th Circuit, the court denied plaintiffs’ motion for sanctions.

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Defendant's Failure to Preserve Results in Sanctions, Including Order for Defense Counsel to Search All of Defendant's Electronic Media and Hard Copy Files for Responsive Information

Northington v. H&M Int., No. 08-CV-6297, 2011 WL 663055 (N.D. Ill. Jan. 12, 2011); Northington v. H&M Int., No. 08 C 6297, 2011 WL 662727 (N.D. Ill. Feb. 14, 2011)

In this case, plaintiff sought sanctions for defendant’s failure to preserve and resulting failure to produce electronically stored information (“ESI”).  Upon finding that defendant’s efforts to preserve evidence had been “reckless and grossly negligent”, the magistrate judge recommended sanctions, including that defense counsel be required to conduct a thorough search for ESI and hard copy; that the jury be instructed regarding defendant’s failure to preserve; that defendant be precluded from defending itself by asserting an absence of discriminatory statements; and that defendant pay plaintiff’s reasonable costs and fees.  The recommendations were later adopted in full by the District Court.

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Court Orders Monetary Sanction of $250,000, that Defendant Provide the Court's Order to Plaintiffs in All Cases, and that Defendant File the Order in Every Case for 5 Years

Green v. Blitz U.S.A., No. 2:07-CV-372 (TJW), 2011 WL 806011 (E.D. Tex. Mar. 1, 2011)

Plaintiff sought to re-open her lawsuit or for the court to sanction defendant, despite prior settlement, upon learning that defendant had failed to produce highly relevant documents.  Finding that defendant had committed discovery abuses, including failing to disclose relevant evidence and failing to issue a litigation hold, the court ordered defendant to pay plaintiff $250,000, to provide a copy of the court’s order to plaintiffs “in every lawsuit proceeding against it” for the past two years and to file the court’s order in every case that defendant is involved in for the next 5 years.

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Agent's Spoliation Results in Serious Sanctions

Rosenthal Collins Group, LLC v. Trading Techs. Int’l, No. 05 C 4088, 2011 WL 722467 (N.D. Ill. Feb. 23, 2011)

In this case, the court ordered default judgment, ordered plaintiff to pay $1,000,000 in monetary sanctions, and ordered counsel to pay “the costs and attorneys fees incurred in litigating this motion” where plaintiff’s agent modified metadata related to relevant source code and wiped several relevant disks and devices prior to their production and where the court found counsel participated in “presenting misleading, false information, materially altered evidence and willful non-compliance with the Court’s orders.”

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"Bad Faith or Culpability 'May Not Mean Evil Intent, but May Simply Signify Responsibility and Control.'"

Philips Elecs. N. Am. Corp. v. BC Tech., No. 2:08-CV-639-CW-SA, 2010 WL 5838993 (D. Utah July 28, 2010);  Philips Elecs. N. Am. Corp. v. BC Tech., No. 2:08-CV-639-CW-SA, 2011 WL 677462 (D. Utah Feb. 16, 2011)

In this case, the court imposed terminating sanctions against defendant after finding that five employees had destroyed “thousands of computer files” in bad faith prior to the production of their laptops for examination and that defendant had attempted to hide those deletions from plaintiffs and the court.

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No Sanctions for Destruction of Data Resulting from Mistaken Belief that Computers had been Imaged

Fed. Trade Comm’n v. First Univ. Lending, LLC, No. 09-82322-CIV, 2011 WL 673879 (S.D. Fla. Feb. 17, 2011)

Relevant data was lost when a group of computers was scrubbed and sold by defendants with the permission of the court-appointed Receiver.  The permission was given, on the condition that the computers were scrubbed, because of the Receiver’s mistaken belief that all relevant computers had been imaged.  As a result of the loss of data, defendants filed a motion for spoliation sanctions for what they described as “the FTC’s bad-faith destruction of Defendants’ computer systems.”  For the reasons discussed below, defendants’ motion was denied.

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Court Sanctions Plaintiff and Counsel for Misuse of Discovery Process, Including Failing to Reveal That Relevant Cell Phones were Discarded

Moreno v. Ostly, No. A127780, 2011 WL 598931 (Cal. Ct. App. Feb. 22, 2011)

After initially resisting discovery, plaintiff produced a laptop and cellular phone for examination.  Upon inspection, it was discovered that neither device was in use during the relevant time period.  Moreover, the relevant devices were no longer in plaintiff’s possession.  When challenged as to why this was not disclosed initially, counsel explained that he was torn between his “competing duties” of protecting his client and candor to the court.  Rejecting plaintiff’s and her counsel’s explanations, the court entered monetary sanctions against them.  On appeal, the sanctions were affirmed.

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"[T]hrowing the Laptop Off a Building; Running Over the Laptop with a Vehicle; and Stating 'If This Gets Us into Trouble, I Hope We're Prison Buddies,' Unquestionably Demonstrate Bad Faith."

Daynight, LLC v. Mobilight, Inc., 248 P.3d 1010 (Utah Ct. App. 2011)

Appellants appealed the district court’s decision to enter default judgment against a third-party defendant for the destruction of evidence.  Appellants argued that the sanction was excessive and unduly harsh and that the Utah Rules of Civil Procedure require a finding of willfulness, bad faith or persistent dilatory tactics in order to impose sanctions.  Rejecting appellants’ reliance on Utah R. Civ. P. 37(b)(2), a rule “which typically pertains only to a delay in the production of evidence,” the Court of Appeals established that the appropriately applied rule, Utah R. Civ. P. 37(g), did “not require a showing of ‘willfulness, bad faith, or dilatory tactics’ or the violation of court order before a court may sanction a party” – including by ordering default judgment.  Moreover, the court noted that even if such a showing were necessary, the district court concluded that the third-party “chose to willfully and in bad faith destroy the laptop” as evidenced by employees’ recorded comments about “their destruction of ‘potential[ly] harmful evidence that might link [them] to any sort of lawsuit.'”  The Court of Appeals further concluded that the there could be no reliance on Rule 37(g)’s good faith exception (which is identical to the safe harbor provision in Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(e)) in light of certain “actions and words attributable to the third-party defendant after it filed suit, including throwing the laptop off the building; running over the laptop with a vehicle; and stating ‘[I]f this gets us into trouble, I hope we’re prison buddies'” – activities which “unquestionably demonstrate bad faith and a general disregard for the judicial process.”  Acknowledging that an order of default judgment was an “extreme” sanction, the court nonetheless found no abuse of discretion in light of the third-party defendant’s behavior and affirmed the order of the district court.

"[M]etadata Maintained by the Agency as a Part of an Electronic Record is Presumptively Producible under FOIA, Unless the Agency Demonstrates that such Metadata is Not 'Readily Reproducible.'"

Nat'l Day Laborer Org. Network v. United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency, 2011 WL 381625 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 7, 2011)

In this Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) action, a dispute arose regarding the proper format of production and, in particular, whether metadata was subject to production pursuant to plaintiffs’ FOIA requests.  Following substantial analysis of the issue, the court held that “certain metadata is an integral or intrinsic part of an electronic record” and, as such, is “‘readily reproducible’ in the FOIA context.”  (FOIA provides that “[i]n making any record available to a person under this paragraph, an agency shall provide the record in any form or format requested by the person if the record is readily reproducible by the agency in that form or format.”  (Emphasis added.))  Addressing the question of which types of metadata are an intrinsic part of an electronic record, the court acknowledged that the answer “depends, in part, on the type of electronic record at issue . . . and on how the agency maintains its records” and determined that “the best way I can answer the question is that metadata maintained by an agency as part of an electronic record is presumptively producible under FOIA, unless the agency demonstrates that such metadata is not ‘readily reproducible.’”

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Court Rejects Distinction between "Original Thumb Drives" and Forensic Images of the Same, Orders Production

Océ N. Am., Inc. v. MCS Servs., Inc., 2011 WL 197976 (D. Md. Jan. 20, 2011)

In this case, plaintiff sought to compel the production of forensic images of certain “flash” or “thumb” drives.  The images were created by a neutral third-party expert upon agreement of the parties following defendant’s refusal to produce the drives for inspection.  The original drives were then destroyed.  Defendant objected to production, arguing that plaintiff had previously requested access to the thumb drives, but not the forensic images, thus attempting to draw a distinction between the two.  The court rejected defendant’s argument reasoning that “if the original thumb drives were discoverable, Capsicum’s forensic images of the thumb drives must also be discoverable, and Océ need not propound a new discovery request for what amounts to the exact same information.”

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U.S. Court Holds Litigant In Non-U.S. Suit Subject to American Discovery Rules

The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit recently ruled that a party in a lawsuit pending in Germany could be subjected to American discovery rules, even though the Court assumed that the discovery sought would not be allowed by the German court in which the case was pending.

To view the complete alert online, click here.

Court Awards $1,049,850.04 in Attorney's Fees and Costs as Sanction for Discovery Abuse in "Victor Stanley II"

Victor Stanley, Inc. v. Creative Pipe, Inc., No. MJG-06-2662 (D. Md. Jan. 24, 2011)

On January 24, 2011, Magistrate Judge Grimm entered an order awarding $1,049,850.04 in attorney’s fees and costs as a sanction for discovery abuse, as discussed in Victor Stanley IIThe amount addressed “attorney’s fees and costs associated with all discovery that would not have been un[der]taken but for Defendants' spoliation, as well as the briefings and hearings regarding Plaintiff’s Motion for Sanctions.”  As the court explained, “[t]his is because the effects of spoliation are not limited to a party’s efforts to discover and to prove the spoliation and its scope.  Rather, the willful loss or destruction of relevant evidence taints the entire discovery and motions practice.”  In this case specifically, the court found that “Defendants’ first spoliation efforts corresponded with the beginning of litigation” and that “Defendants’ misconduct affected the entire discovery process since the commencement of this case.”

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Employee's Use of a Work Computer to Communicate with Attorney "Akin to Consulting her Lawyer in her Employer's Conference Room, in a Loud Voice, with the Door Open..."

Holmes v. Petrovich Dev. Co., LLC, 119 Cal. Rptr. 3d 878 (Cal. Ct. App. 2011)

Where plaintiff used her company’s computer to communicate with her attorney despite knowledge of policies prohibiting such use and establishing that employees had no right of privacy as to such materials, the court found that the emails “did not constitute ‘confidential communication between client and lawyer’ within the meaning of Evidence Code section 952” and thus were not privileged and affirmed the holdings of the trial court.

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Production of Servers without Review Waives Privilege and so Might Storage of Privileged Materials on Servers Shared with Other Entities

In re Fontainebleau Las Vegas Contract Litig., 2011 WL 65760 (S.D. Fla. Jan 7, 2011)

In this case, the court found that privilege had been waived as a result of a third party’s voluntary production of servers believed to contain privileged materials without review.

The Term Lenders sought production of documents related to the financing of the construction of the Fontainebleau Resort and Casino in Las Vegas from the third-party parent of Fontainebleau Las Vegas, Fontainebleau Resort, LLC (“FBR”).  FBR resisted production of its documents, albeit without formal motions, until approximately six months after receipt of the subpoena.  During that time, FBR initially alleged that production would be delayed because of the shared status of the servers on which its information was stored and the need to separate its documents from those of other entities by allowing those entities to review all documents stored thereon to determine ownership, privileged status, etc.  FBR had previously raised this issue in the context of an unsuccessful motion to quash similar subpoenas from other banks.  The court’s footnote regarding the shared servers is illuminating:

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Jury to Determine Question of Bad Faith and Whether to Draw Adverse Inference as Sanction for Loss of Video Pursuant to Document Retention Policy

Rattray v. Woodbury County, 2010 WL 5437255 (N.D. Iowa Dec. 27, 2010)

In this case, the court imposed sanctions for defendants’ failure to preserve relevant video footage and ordered an instruction allowing the jury to determine whether the recording was destroyed in bad faith and, if so, to infer that it would have been unfavorable to the defendants.  In so holding, the court cited as an important factor that the video was the only recording of what occurred, “which weighs heavier in this case than the lack of actual knowledge that litigation was imminent at the time of the destruction.”

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Kids' Access to Mom's Email Account Waives Attorney-Client Privilege

Willis v. Willis, 914 N.Y.S.2d 243 (N.Y. App. Div. 2010)

Plaintiff filed suit against her former husband and his current wife alleging defamation.  Specifically, plaintiff alleged that defamatory statements had been made in an email addressed to her and sent to her account - an account which was also regularly used by the former couple’s children.  One of the children read the email.  Plaintiff alleged that the act of sending the email to that account constituted publication for purposes of her claim.

In the course of litigation, plaintiff used the same account to communicate with her attorneys.  Defendant sought production of those emails contending that they were not privileged.  Plaintiff sought a protective order.  The trial court ordered their production.  On appeal, the court found that plaintiff “failed to meet her burden of demonstrating … that the email communications … were made in confidence” and reasoned:

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Court Orders Sharing of Non-Party's Discovery Costs, Cites Lack of "Spirit of Cooperation or Efficiency" as "Controlling Factor"

DeGeer v. Gillis, 2010 WL 5096563 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 8, 2010)

Defendants and non-party Huron Consulting Services, LLC could not agree on the proper course of discovery.  After protracted communications consisting of accusations and demands, defendants sought to compel Huron to conduct additional searches for responsive ESI.  The court found that some additional searching was warranted and ordered counsel to meet and confer in person to establish the proper scope.  Citing the parties’ failure to cooperate as a “controlling factor” as to cost-shifting, the court ordered the parties to split the costs, with one exception.

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Court Holds there is a Reasonable Expectation of Privacy in the Contents of Emails

United States v. Warshak, 631 F.3d 266 (6th Cir. Dec. 2010)

In this lengthy opinion, the court considered the question of whether an account holder has an expectation of privacy as to the contents of his emails.  Answering in the affirmative, the court held that “a subscriber enjoys a reasonable expectation privacy in the contents of his emails ‘that are stored with, or sent or received through, a commercial ISP’” and that “the government may not compel a commercial ISP to turn over the contents of a subscriber’s emails without first obtaining a warrant based on probable cause.”

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Court Orders Production of Backup Tapes Pursuant to Order of Non-Waiver Under Rule 502(d)

Radian Asset Assurance, Inc. v. Coll. of the Christian Bros. of New Mexico, 2010 WL 4928866 (D.N.M. Oct. 22, 2010)

Plaintiff opposed the court’s proposal to order defendant’s production of backup tapes pursuant to an order of non-waiver and argued that defendant should have to search and produce its own electronically stored information (“ESI”) and that the burden and cost of doing so should not be shifted to plaintiff.  Rejecting the notion that such an order amounted to cost-shifting and upon finding the ESI “not reasonably accessible,” the court ordered the tapes’ production pursuant to an order under Rule 502(d).*

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Court Enforces Agreement to Delete Defendants' Confidential Materials Despite Cost

Oxxford Info. Tech., Ltd. v. Novantas, LLC, 910 N.Y.S.2d 77 (N.Y. App. Div. 2010)

In this case, the parties stipulated to a Confidentiality Order requiring that business information exchanged during the course of discovery would be returned or destroyed at the end of litigation.  Relying on the agreement, defendants provided access to “their core business secrets.”  When the case settled, plaintiff’s counsel discovered that defendants’ information had been backed up to “numerous back-up tapes” on their law firm’s computer system.  Plaintiff then sought to modify the confidentiality agreement to allow the firm to retain the information “subject to proposed safeguards designed to protect the confidentiality of the information” in light of the cost of deleting the information from the tapes.  The motion was denied and plaintiff appealed.

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Dissent to Order Adopting Mandatory Meet and Confer Rule Highlights Tension in Addressing Cost and Efficiency in E-Discovery

In the matter of amendment of Wis. Stat. §§ 802.10, 804.01, 804.08, 804.09, 804.12, and 805.07, No. 09-01A (Wis. Nov. 10, 2010)

On November 10, 2010, despite the opinion of the Judicial Council Evidence and Civil Procedure Committee that Wisconsin did not need a mandatory confer rule, the Wisconsin Supreme Court entered an order adopting an amendment to Wis. Stat. § 804.01 prohibiting parties from engaging in electronic discovery until after the parties confer regarding several specified issues.  The rule states that “[n]o party may serve a request to produce or inspect under s. 804.09 seeking the discovery of electronically stored information or respond to an interrogatory under s. 804.08(3) by producing electronically stored information, until after the parties confer regarding all of the following, unless excused by the court …”  The mandated issues for discussion include the scope of electronic discovery, the preservation of ESI, the format of production, and the costs of the proposed discovery and the extent to which such costs shall be limited, among other things.  If a party fails to participate or if agreement cannot be reached, judicial intervention may be sought.  The purpose of such a rule, as expressed in its attendant note, is to “manage the costs of the discovery of electronically stored information.”

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District Court Declines to Order Incarceration for Defendant's Bad Faith Spoliation but Orders Monetary Sanction of $337,796.37

Victor Stanley, Inc. v. Creative Pipe, Inc. ("Victor Stanley II")

As previously summarized on this blog, defendant Mark Pappas, President of Creative Pipe, Inc., was ordered to “be imprisoned for a period not to exceed two (2) years, unless and until he [paid] to Plaintiff the attorney’s fees and costs that will be awarded…” as a sanction for willful, bad faith discovery violations which the Magistrate Judge ruled would be treated as contempt of the Court.  On defendants’ appeal, the District Court Judge declined to adopt the Magistrate Judge’s order regarding incarceration:

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"No Matter How Inadequate a Party's Preservation Efforts May Be ... Sanctions are Not Warranted Unless there is Proof that Some Information of Significance has Actually Been Lost"

Orbit One Commc’ns, Inc. v. Numerex Corp., 271 F.R.D. 429 (S.D.N.Y. 2010)

Addressing defendant’s motion for sanctions, the court found that although “plaintiffs did not engage in model preservation of electronically stored information in this case,” they were not subject to sanctions absent evidence that any relevant information had actually been destroyed.  Significantly, in reaching this decision, the court took issue with certain aspects of the often-cited Pension Committee decision issued in the same jurisdiction earlier this year as well as with the discovery standard of “reasonableness and proportionality” set forth in another cited opinion, Rimkus v. Cammarata.

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Finding No Duty To Preserve, Court Denies Motion for Sanctions

Huggins v. Prince George’s Cnty, 750 F. Supp. 2d 549 (D. Md. 2010)

In this litigation arising from a dispute between plaintiff, a landowner, and the County regarding the plaintiff’s use of her land, the court found that the defendant was not subject to sanctions for the destruction of a former employee’s email pursuant to County policy where no duty to preserve existed at the time of their destruction.

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Court Imposes Adverse Inference for Failure to Preserve Text Messages Related to Criminal Investigation

United States v. Suarez, 2010 WL 4226524 (D.N.J. Oct. 21, 2010) (Not for Publication)

For the Government’s failure to preserve text messages sent between investigating agents and a cooperating witness, the court found sanctions were warranted and ordered that the jury would received a “spoliation charge” allowing (but not requiring) it to infer that the deleted messages were favorable to the defendants.

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Where "Entire Computer and Component Manufacturer's Industry" was on Notice of Potential for Litigation, Defendant's Failure to Preserve Warrants Sanctions

Phillip M. Adams & Assoc., LLC v. Winbond Elecs. Corp., 2010 WL 3767318 (D. Utah Sept. 16, 2010)

In this ongoing multi-defendant patent litigation, the court has previously addressed allegations of spoliation.  In March 2009, the court found sanctions were warranted for defendant ASUS Computer International’s violation of its duty to preserve which arose in the “1999-2000 environment” of litigation surrounding the technology to resolve a defect in a particular floppy disk controller (“FDC”).  In this case, the court reaffirmed its earlier holding regarding the trigger for defendants’ duty to preserve, namely that “[i]n late 1999 the entire computer and component manufacturer’s industry was put on notice of a potential for litigation regarding defective floppy disk components (“FDCs”) by the well publicized settlement in a large class action lawsuit against Toshiba.”  Accordingly, for defendant MSI’s failure to uphold its duty to preserve, the court found sanctions were warranted.

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Court Orders Production of Plaintiff's User Names and Passwords for Social Network Accounts

McMillen v. Hummingbird Speedway, Inc., No. 113-2010 CD (C.P. Jefferson, Sept. 9, 2010)

In this personal injury case, defendant Hummingbird Speedway, Inc. sought access to plaintiff’s social network accounts and requested production of his user names, log-in names, and passwords.  Plaintiff objected, arguing that the information was confidential.  Upon defendants’ Motion to Compel, the court found the requested information was not confidential or subject to the protection of any evidentiary privilege and ordered its production to defendants’ attorneys within 15 days and that plaintiff should not take steps to delete or alter the existing information on his social network accounts.

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Metadata is Subject to Disclosure Pursuant to Washington's Public Records Act

O’Neill v. City of Shoreline, 2010 WL 3911347 (Wash. Oct. 7, 2010)

In this case of first impression, and only the second of its kind in the country, the Supreme Court of Washington held that metadata is subject to disclosure pursuant to Washington’s Public Records Act (“PRA”).

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Court Finds Data Not Reasonably Accessible, Orders Phased Approach to Discovery, and Declines to Shift the Cost of Production

Barrera v. Boughton, 2010 WL 3926070 (D. Conn. Sept. 30, 2010)

Despite diligent efforts, the parties were unable to reach agreement regarding the appropriate scope of a search for responsive information.  Plaintiffs proposed 40 custodians, 80 search terms, and a timeframe of nearly seven years.  Defendants sought a phased approach and proposed limiting the initial search to three custodians, with plaintiffs to bear the cost.  Defendants also objected to the temporal scope of discovery.  Citing Rule 26(b)(2)(B), the court found the information sought “not reasonably accessible” and reduced the scope of the search, but denied defendants’ motion to shift costs.

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Court Grants Motion to Strike Privileged Email Inadvertently Sent to Opposing Counsel Using "Reply All"

Charm v. Kohn, 2010 WL 3816716 (Mass. Super. Sept. 30, 2010)

In this case, as the result of using the “reply all” function, defendant inadvertently sent a privileged communication to opposing counsel.  Twenty-eight minutes later, defendant’s counsel sent an email to opposing counsel demanding the email be deleted.  Opposing counsel refused.  Addressing the issue of possible waiver, the court found that defendant and his counsel had taken reasonable steps to preserve confidentiality and granted defendant’s motion to strike the email, which had been attached as an exhibit to an opposition to summary judgment.

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Court Finds No Waiver of Privilege as to Emails Inadvertently Produced by Third Party and No Waiver Resulting from Use of Company Email Account and Laptop to Communicate with Counsel

DeGeer v. Gillis, 2010 WL 3732132 (N.D. Ill. Sept. 17, 2010)

In this case, the court addressed the question of waiver as to nine privileged emails.  As to six emails inadvertently produced by a third party, waiver was averted by the terms of a Stipulated Protective Order entered by the court which precluded waiver by inadvertent production.  As to three other emails, the question of waiver turned on plaintiff’s use of his work computer to send the messages.  Relying on evidence that plaintiff’s employer did not believe such use would waive privilege, the court ruled privilege was not waived.

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Finding No Reasonable Expectation of Privacy in Plaintiff's Social Networking, Court Compels Authorization to Disclose Current and Historical Content

Romano v. Steelcase, Inc., 907 N.Y.S.2d 650 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2010)

Defendant sought to discover plaintiff’s “current and historical Facebook and MySpace pages and accounts”, including deleted information, on the belief that information posted there was inconsistent with her injury claims.  The court granted the motion, despite plaintiff’s privacy concerns, upon finding the information was material and relevant and that plaintiff had no reasonable expectation of privacy, and because the defendant’s need for access outweighed plaintiff’s privacy concerns.

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Court Orders Mirror Imaging to Ensure Preservation During Ongoing Discovery But Declines to Compel Production of Plaintiff's Computer to Defendants

Piccone v. Town of Webster, 2010 WL 3516581 (W.D.N.Y. Sept. 3, 2010)

In this case, both parties moved for spoliation sanctions alleging destruction of emails.  Defendants also sought to compel production of certain emails and plaintiff’s personal computer and storage devices to ensure she was not withholding evidence.  Both motions for sanctions were denied.  Despite denying the motion to compel production of plaintiff's computer, the court ordered plaintiff to create a mirror image at defendants’ expense — to be left in safekeeping with her attorney — to ensure the preservation of evidence while defendants further investigated her preservation efforts.

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The Grimm Truth About Spoliation

Victor Stanley, Inc. v. Creative Pipe, Inc., 269 F.R.D. 497 (D. Md. 2010)

For willful, bad faith discovery violations, including failure to implement a litigation hold, attempted deletion of ESI, actual deletion of ESI, and misrepresentations regarding the completeness of discovery, the Court recommended default judgment and a permanent injunction as to plaintiff’s copyright claim and ordered monetary sanctions and that defendants’ acts of spoliation be treated as contempt such that an individual defendant, the President of Creative Pipe, be jailed for not more than two years “unless and until” he pays the attorney’s fees and costs awarded.

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Son's Receipt of Privileged Emails Did Not Result in Waiver where Son was a "Necessary Conduit in Delivering" Attorney's Emails to Plaintiffs

Green v. Beer, 2010 WL 3422723 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 24, 2010)

In this day in age, it is easy to believe that everybody is familiar with email.  That is not always the case.  In this opinion, the district court reversed an order of the magistrate judge which found that plaintiffs’ attorney-client privilege was waived as a result of their son’s receipt of privileged emails where it was established that the son’s assistance was necessary to ensure plaintiffs’ timely receipt of the emails, in light of plaintiffs’ lack of email proficiency.

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Court Finds No Spoliation as to Documents Produced from Backup Tapes because "Documents Were Never in Fact Destroyed"

Pitney Bowes Gov. Solutions, Inc. v. United States, 2010 WL 3278402 (Fed. Cl. Aug. 19, 2010)

In this post-award bid protest, plaintiff sought spoliation sanctions for defendant’s destruction of relevant documents.  Although most of the documents were deleted and/or destroyed by their original custodians upon the order of the contracting officer, the documents were available for production from backup tapes.  The restored documents, however, all reflected the same author in their metadata, causing plaintiff to doubt their veracity and persist in its request for spoliation sanctions.

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In "'David-And-Goliath-Like' Struggle for Electronic Discovery", Court Orders Adverse Inference, Monetary Sanctions for Spoliation and Delay

Harkabi v. Sandisk Corp., 08 Civ. 8203 (WHP) (S.D.N.Y. Aug, 23, 2010)

For failing to preserve the laptops issued to plaintiffs while working for defendant, the court found defendant was “at a minimum” negligent and indicated that an adverse inference would be crafted after all the evidence had been received.  For “prolonged delay” in producing relevant emails the court denied terminating sanctions but ordered monetary sanctions in the amount of $150,000.

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Despite Negligent Preservation, Failure to Establish Relevance of Lost Emails Results in Denial of Motion for Sanctions

Siani v. State Univ. of New York at Farmingdale, 2010 WL 3170664 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 10, 2010)

In this employment discrimination case, the court denied the pro se plaintiff’s motion for spoliation sanctions, despite finding defendants were at least negligent in their preservation efforts, where plaintiff failed to present extrinsic evidence “tending to show that the destroyed emails would have been favorable to his case.” 

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Court Compels Production of Relevant Content from Social Networking Sites

EEOC v. Simply Storage Mgmt., LLC, 270 F.R.D. 430 (S.D. Ind. May 2010)

The EEOC, on behalf of two claimants, filed claims alleging sexual harassment.  In the course of discovery, defendant sought production of claimants’ internet social networking site (“SNS”) profiles and other communications from claimants’ Facebook and MySpace.com accounts.  Plaintiff resisted.  Following its discussion of the “General Principles Applicable to Discovery of SNS” and the proper scope of discovery in the present case, the court determined that certain content was relevant and ordered plaintiff to produce the relevant information, subject to the guidelines identified by the court.

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Court Enters Order on Sanctions in Phillip M. Adams & Assoc., Concludes Based on "Minimal Evidence" Presented that "It Is Not Clear that [Defendant] Spoliated Evidence"

Phillip M. Adams & Assoc. LLC v. Winbond Elec. Corp., 2010 WL 2977228 (D. Utah July 21, 2010)

In March 2009, the court granted in part plaintiff’s motion for sanctions and ordered the parties to present evidence of prejudice before crafting an appropriate sanction.  See, Phillip M. Adams & Assoc., LLC v. Dell, Inc.,621 F. Supp. 2d 1173 (D. Utah 2009).  Following analysis of plaintiff’s “minimal evidence”, the court concluded it was “not clear that ASUS spoliated evidence.”  The court nonetheless made clear the insufficiency of defendant’s preservation efforts, particularly with regard to original source code.  Accordingly, the court declined to order terminating sanctions, but indicated that plaintiff would be allowed to argue to the jury that “ASUS should have the original source code to a program that it both patented and attempted to patent for many years” and that “[t]he jury will consider these facts and draw their inferences.”

Court Grants Defendant's Motion for Entry of Clawback Provision

Rajala v. McGuire Woods LLP, 2010 WL 2949582 (D. Kan. July 22, 2010)

Plaintiff, as Bankruptcy Trustee, brought suit against defendant, alleging several claims.  The parties could not agree on the entry of a clawback provision. Accordingly, defendant moved the court to enter such a provision.  Upon establishing its authority to enter such an order pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(c)(1) and analysis of the relevant facts, the court granted the motion, with modification, and indicated that a separate order setting forth a clawback provision would be entered.

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Court Orders Dismissal as Sanction for Egregious Discovery Violations

Aliki Foods, LLC v. Otter Valley Foods, Inc., 726 F. Supp. 2d 159 (D. Conn. 2010)

Defendant moved to dismiss plaintiff’s claims as a sanction for discovery violations.  Finding that plaintiff “acted willfully and in bad faith in repeatedly violating its discovery obligations and [the] Court’s orders”, including failing to timely respond to discovery despite a court order to do so and defying a court order to allow forensic examination of certain hard drives by giving its computers away without first searching them, the court granted defendant’s motion.

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Court Approves Order for Preservation of Documents and Tangible Things in Toyota Litigation

In re Toyota Motor Corp. Unintended Acceleration Mktg., Sales Practices, and Prods. Liab. Litig., 2010 WL 2901798 (C.D. Cal. July 20, 2010)

On July 20, 2010, the District Court entered an Order for the Preservation of Documents and Tangible Things which was submitted by the parties.  The order, which addresses only the preservation of documents and not relevance, discoverability, or admissibility, includes sections entitled:  “Documents and Tangible Items Required to be Preserved”, “Documents Not Required to be Preserved”, “Permissible Modifications and Alterations of Documents”, and “Implementation and Modification of Order”.  Additionally, an attachment to the order provides a lengthy (though not exhaustive) list of items to be retained.

New York Court Provides Detailed Instruction on Protocol for Discovery of Cloned Hard Drive

Schreiber v. Schreiber, 2010 WL 2735672 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. June 25, 2010)

In this matrimonial action, plaintiff sought access to her husband’s (the defendant) office computer to determine his true financial condition.  After denying plaintiff’s initial motion, the court directed (by stipulated order) that a clone of defendant’s office hard drive be made at plaintiff’s expense.  Thereafter, the court denied plaintiff’s motion for access to the cloned drive upon finding her request for unrestricted access overbroad.  “Equally important” to the court was plaintiff’s failure to propose any protocol for investigation of defendant’s hard drive.  The court instructed that should the plaintiff wish to renew her motion, her renewal “must contain a detailed, step-by-step discovery protocol that would allow for the protection of privileged and private material.”  Moreover, the court provided detailed instruction for what such a protocol should contain:

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Court Orders Retention of Third Party Vendor to Assist with Document Review and Production, Appoints Special Master to Resolve Future Disputes

Multiven, Inc. v. Cisco Sys., Inc., 2010 WL 2813618 (N.D. Cal. July 9, 2010)

Observing that plaintiff and counterdefendants had insisted upon “a review process that guarantees that they will not finish this extensive project in any reasonable amount of time”, namely reviewing large volumes of information without first narrowing the material using search terms, the court acknowledged the need to expedite production and directed plaintiff and counterdedendants to retain a third party vendor to assist in their discovery efforts.  Accepting defendant’s offer, the court further ordered that Cisco would bear half the cost.

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Citing Rule 37(e), Court Denies Spoliation Sanctions Despite the Existence of a Duty to Preserve

Olson v. Sax, 2010 WL 2639853 (E.D. Wis. June 25, 2010)

Citing a lack of evidence that defendants “engaged in the ‘bad faith’ destruction of evidence for the purpose of hiding adverse evidence” and Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(e), the court denied plaintiff’s motion for sanctions for defendants’ destruction of relevant videotape, despite the existence of a duty to preserve.

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Court Compels Production of ESI for a Period of 18 Years, Shifts Majority of Costs to Requesting Party

Takeda Pharm. Co., Ltd. v. Teva Pharm. USA, Inc., 2010 WL 2640492 (D. Del. June 21, 2010)

Defendants sought production of electronically stored information for a period of 18 years - a significant departure from the default period of five years previously imposed.  Upon plaintiffs’ showing that retrieval of the additional data by a vendor would cost approximately $1 million to $1.5 million (not including the cost of review), the court found the information was “not reasonably accessible”.  However, the court also found that defendants had shown good cause to compel the requested production.  Considering the relevance of the data and its possible unavailability from an alternative source as well as plaintiffs' costs from producing the ESI, the court reasoned that “in relation to the importance of the interest at stake … including the likely very substantial financial stakes, [the] costs may be justified.”  Accordingly, the court granted defendants’ motion to compel and held that if plaintiffs employed an outside vendor to assist in fulfilling their obligation, defendants would bear 80 percent of the reasonable vendor costs incurred.

Culpability for Allowing Evidence to Become Inaccessible a Factor for Consideration when Determining Good Cause to Compel Production

Major Tours, Inc. v. Colorel, 2010 WL 2557250 (D.N.J. June 22, 2010)

Appealing an order from the magistrate judge, plaintiffs argued that defendants should bear the costs of producing inaccessible data where it was defendants’ failure to preserve that resulted in the data’s inaccessibility.  The court declined to support such a rule, finding that defendants’ culpability was merely a factor for consideration when deciding whether to compel production for good cause.  The court also found that the magistrate judge had adequately considered defendants’ culpability when crafting the underlying order and did not abuse his discretion.  Accordingly, the order was affirmed.

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Jury Instruction Allowing Inference that Destroyed Evidence Was Unfavorable and Payment of Attorneys' Fees and Costs Ordered as Sanction for Failure to Preserve

Medcorp, Inc. v. Pinpoint Tech., Inc., 2010 WL 2500301 (D. Colo. June 15, 2010)

Finding “willful” spoliation of 43 hard drives “in the sense that Plaintiff was aware of its responsibilities to preserve relevant evidence and failed to take necessary steps to do so”, a special master ordered a jury instruction which allowed the jury to infer that the destroyed evidence was unfavorable to plaintiff and for the parties to split the cost of defendants’ litigation of the spoliation issue.  Upon a motion to modify the order, the magistrate judge affirmed the imposition of the jury instruction, but found plaintiff should pay all of defendants’ reasonable expenses and ordered payment of $89,365.88.

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Government Employer's Search of Employee's Text Messages on Employer-Issued Pager Did Not Violate Fourth Amendment

City of Ontario v. Quon, 130 S. Ct. 2619 (2010)

Yesterday, the U.S. Supreme Court issued its opinion in City of Ontario v. Quon, a case addressing whether a government employer’s search through an employee’s text messages, sent and received on a work-issued pager, violated the Fourth Amendment.  Reversing the Ninth Circuit, the Supreme Court held that the search was reasonable and that the employee’s Fourth Amendment rights were not violated.

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Pursuant to Stored Communications Act, Court Quashes Subpoena for Private Messages, Remands for Further Consideration of Facebook Wall and MySpace Comments

Crispin v. Christian Audigier, Inc., 717 F. Supp. 2d 965 (C.D. Cal. 2010)

Defendant subpoenaed several social networking sites seeking disclosure of plaintiff’s subscriber information and communications relevant to the underlying dispute.  Plaintiff sought to quash the subpoenas arguing that such disclosure would violate the Stored Communications Act (“SCA”).  The magistrate judge denied plaintiff’s motion to quash upon finding the SCA was inapplicable. Plaintiff moved for reconsideration of the order.

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Reckless and Grossly Negligent Failure to Preserve Results in Sanctions for Defendant

Jones v. Bremen High School Dist. 228, 2010 WL 2106640 (N.D. Ill. May 25, 2010)

Despite receipt of plaintiff’s EEOC claim alleging employment discrimination, defendant failed to institute a litigation hold.  Instead, defendant identified three individuals likely to possess responsive information and asked them to identify and preserve relevant evidence.  Some of the individuals identified were substantially involved in the alleged discriminatory treatment of the plaintiff.  Despite this failure, defendant eventually produced most of the requested information, although some email was deemed likely to have been lost forever.  Finding defendant’s preservation efforts “reckless and grossly negligent”, the court ordered sanctions.

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Court Resolves Dispute Regarding Scope of Discovery, Addresses Search Terms, Custodians, and Backup Tapes

Helmert v. Butterball, LLC, 2010 WL 2179180 (E.D. Ark. May 27, 2010)

In this collective action brought under the Fair Labor Standards Act, plaintiffs and defendant reached significant impasse regarding the appropriate scope of discovery, including disagreement regarding search terms, the number and identity of custodians, the sources of data to be searched, and who should bear the costs.  Resolving each issue in turn, the court’s discussion focused in large part upon weighing the burden of plaintiffs' requests against the potential to discover relevant information, including a discussion of the discoverability of backup tapes.  The court also declined to shift the costs of production.

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For Discovery Violations, Court Indicates Likelihood of Finding Agency Relationship Existed as a Matter of Law

Maggette v. BL Dev. Corp., 2010 WL 2010816 (N.D. Miss. May 17, 2010)

For defendant’s and counsels' discovery violations discovered with the assistance of a special master, including failing to adequately search for responsive material and misrepresenting search efforts to the court, the court indicated a likelihood that it would find as a matter of law that an agency relationship existed between defendant and another entity implicated in the underlying accident claims.  Accordingly, a hearing was set to address the possible sanctions as well as the implications of counsels’ actions for their involvement with the case.

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Failure to Test Keywords by Sampling a Prominent Consideration in Court's Finding of Waiver

Mt. Hawley Ins. Co. v. Felman Prod., Inc., 2010 WL 1990555 (S.D. W. Va. May 18, 2010)

Where plaintiff (Felman Production, Inc.) failed to take sufficiently reasonable precautions to prevent the disclosure of a privileged email, privilege was waived.

In this case, the court addressed a number of issues, including the parties’ compliance with their clawback agreement and the applicability of the crime-fraud exception to 377 inadvertently produced, privileged emails.  The primary focus of this summary, however, is the court’s analysis of whether the privilege was waived as to one specific email, “the May 14th email”, and in particular, its analysis of the reasonableness of plaintiff’s precautions to prevent such disclosure.

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Court Orders Monetary Fine for Gross Negligence and Intentional Spoliation of ESI, Including Emails, Text-Messages, and Skype Messages

Passlogix, Inc. v. 2FA Tech., LLC, 708 F. Supp. 2d 378 (S.D.N.Y. 2010)

Upon finding that defendants spoliated relevant information, including emails, Skype messages, and computer logs, the court declined to order an adverse inference, to preclude defendants from the presentation of arguments implicating the discarded documents, or to order defendants to pay plaintiff’s costs, but ordered monetary sanctions in the amount of $10,000, after balancing “2FA’s litigation conduct with its status as a small corporation.”

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Court Rules Failure to Copy Files on Flash Drive Prior to Failure of the Drive Violated Duty to Preserve

Wilson v. Thorn Energy, LLC, 2010 WL 1712236 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 15, 2010)

In this case, the court ordered sanctions for defendants’ failure to preserve relevant data where defendants failed to back up a flash drive containing all relevant financial records and where that data was lost as the result of the flash drive’s failure.

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Trial Court Abused Discretion in Ordering Forensic Examination Absent Pending Request for Production or Motion to Compel and in Appointing Special Master

In re Art Harris, 2010 WL 1612205 (Tex. App. Apr. 22, 2010)

In this case, the appellate court granted petitioner’s writ of mandamus and ordered the withdrawal of three underlying discovery orders upon finding that the trial court abused its discretion when it ordered the production of petitioner’s hard drives for forensic examination and when it appointed a special master to conduct that examination.

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United States Supreme Court Hears Argument on Expectation of Privacy as to Text Messages on Work Pager

Quon v. Arch Wireless Operating Co., 529 F.3d 892 (9th Cir. 2008);  City of Ontario v. Quon (08-1332)

In the summer of 2008, the Ninth Circuit held that a city employee had a reasonable expectation of privacy as to personal text-messages sent from his city-issued and city-owned text-messaging pager (‘pager”).  The court further ruled that the employee’s Fourth Amendment rights were violated when his supervisor read those text messages, after requesting transcripts from the service provider.  The city has appealed the court’s findings to the United States Supreme Court and oral arguments were heard on Monday, April 19th. An opinion is expected in June, 2010. 

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Court Orders Monetary Sanctions for Production Delay Resulting from Counsel's Failure to Become Familiar with Plaintiff's Retention Policies and Systems

GFI Acquisition, LLC v. Am. Federated Title Corp. (In re A & M Fla. Props. II, LLC), 2010 WL 1418861 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Apr. 7, 2010)

Where plaintiff’s counsel “failed in his obligation to locate and produce all relevant documents in a timely manner” by failing to gain a sufficient understanding of plaintiff’s computer systems resulting in significantly delayed production of relevant documents, the court declined to impose terminating sanctions or an adverse inference but ordered monetary sanctions against plaintiff and counsel in an amount to be determined.

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Court Declines to Impose Sanctions Against Qualcomm Attorneys Absent Evidence of Bad Faith

Qualcomm Inc. v. Broadcom Corp., No. 05cv1958-B (BLM) (S.D. Cal. Apr. 2, 2010)

Apparently bringing an end to one of the best known e-discovery sagas since the 2006 amendments to the Federal Rules, United States Magistrate Judge Barbara Major has declined to impose sanctions against the previously sanctioned Qualcomm attorneys absent evidence of bad faith.

On January 7, 2008, Magistrate Judge Major issued an order granting in part defendant’s motion for sanctions upon finding that the plaintiff, Qualcomm, intentionally withheld thousands of documents and that six attorneys “had assisted Qualcomm in withholding the critical documents by failing to conduct a reasonable inquiry into the adequacy of Qualcomm’s document production and by ignoring warning signs, which indicated that the document search was not thorough and that Qualcomm’s documents production was not complete.”  The sanctioned attorneys objected.  Thereafter, U.S. District Court Judge Rudi Brewster determined that the sanctioned attorneys “had a right to defend themselves” and “should not be prevented from defending their conduct by the attorney-client privilege of Qualcomm and its employees and representatives.”  Finding the self-defense exception to the attorney-client privilege applicable, the court lifted the sanctions and remanded the case to the Magistrate Judge for additional consideration. A ccordingly, between March 2008 and the present, the previously sanctioned attorneys undertook significant efforts to defend their actions.  As a result of those efforts, Magistrate Judge Major has now declined to impose sanctions: 

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Court Orders Forensic Examination of Plaintiff's Computers Absent Denial that "Responsive Emails May have Existed at One Point"

Adhi v. Twp. of W. Pikeland, 2010 WL 1047894 (E.D. Pa. Mar. 16, 2010)

In this zoning dispute, defendant moved to enforce a prior order of the court and, essentially, compel more complete responses to discovery, including the production of electronically stored information (“ESI”), specifically emails.  Plaintiff indicated that even if responsive emails had existed, they were deleted in the ordinary course of business.  Accepting defendant’s assertions that “the mere deletion of an email does not make it lost forever”, however, the court ordered plaintiff to allow defendant’s “e-Discovery expert” to inspect plaintiff’s computers to determine if any responsive information was still contained on the hard drives or the servers.  In so ordering, the court reasoned that this would “allow Defendant to conduct discovery on information to which it is entitled without burdening Plaintiff with the expense of hiring a discovery expert.”

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Court Rules Communications with Attorney Using Work Computer are Protected as Privileged

Stengart v. Loving Care Agency, Inc., 2010 WL 1189458 (N.J. Mar. 30, 2010)

In this employment litigation, the Supreme Court of New Jersey addressed whether employees have a reasonable expectation of privacy as to attorney-client privileged emails sent and received on a work computer.  The court held that under the circumstances presented, the employee/plaintiff did have a reasonable expectation of privacy as to emails with her attorney.  Additionally, the court remanded the case to the trial court to determine what, if any, sanctions should be imposed upon defense counsel for reading and utilizing the emails at issue, despite indications that they were protected as privileged.

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Despite Malaysian Blocking Statute, Court Compels Third Party's Production of Foreign Banking Information Pursuant to Subpoena

Gucci Amer., Inc. v. Curveal Fashion, 2010 WL 808639 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 8, 2010)

Plaintiff sought to compel the production of documents and information regarding defendants’ Malaysian bank accounts pursuant to a subpoena served on United Overseas Bank’s New York Agency (“UOB NY”).  UOB NY was not a party to the underlying action, nor was its parent company. Despite substantial evidence that production of the requested information was prohibited by Malaysian law and that violation of the law could subject a person to civil and criminal penalties, the court concluded that compliance with the subpoena was warranted and ordered UOB NY to produce the information within two weeks.

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Citing First Amendment, Court Denies Motion to Compel Production of Information Sufficient to Identify Anonymous Discussion Board Users

McVicker v. King, 2010 WL 786275 (W.D. Pa. Mar. 3, 2010)

In this suit arising from claims of unlawful and discriminatory termination, plaintiff, a former employee of the Borough, sought to compel a third-party owner of an internet discussion board to produce information sufficient to identify anonymous authors of certain, relevant posts.  Plaintiff argued the identities of the posters may be relevant to impeach defendants’ testimony regarding when the determination to terminate plaintiff was first discussed.  Citing First Amendment considerations, the court denied plaintiff’s motion to compel.

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Court Provides Detailed Analysis of Law of Spoliation, Orders Adverse Inference Instruction, Monetary Sanctions for Intentional Spoliation of ESI

Rimkus Consulting Group, Inc. v. Cammarata, 688 F. Supp. 2d 598 (S.D. Tex. 2010)

For intentional spoliation, the court declined to order terminating sanctions but ordered an adverse inference instruction and for defendants to pay plaintiff’s attorneys fees and costs.

In this litigation arising from accusations of misappropriation of trade secrets, violation of non-compete agreements, and related claims, plaintiff accused defendants of spoliating relevant evidence, including electronically stored information (“ESI”).  The court found that defendants had indeed participated in intentional spoliation of evidence, including failing to preserve relevant ESI, manually deleting ESI, and destroying or giving away laptops containing relevant ESI, among other things.  The court nonetheless declined to grant plaintiff’s request for terminating sanctions because plaintiff was unable to show a sufficiently high degree of resulting prejudice.  Specifically, the court found that because defendants had produced a large volume of evidence despite their spoliation of other ESI, because plaintiff had obtained some of the deleted evidence from other sources, and because evidence revealed that some of the deleted records would have been favorable to defendants, the resulting prejudice was “far from irreparable” – the necessary showing to justify terminating sanctions:  “The sanction of dismissal or default judgment is appropriate only if the spoliation or destruction of evidence resulted in “irreparable prejudice” and no lesser sanction would suffice.” [Citation omitted.]

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Court Sanctions Plaintiff for Accessing Password-Protected Documents and Other Violations, Reduces Sanction based on Behavior of Plaintiff's Counsel and Defendant

Lawson v. Sun Microsystems, Inc., 2009 WL 5842136 (S.D. Ind. Oct. 16, 2009);  Lawson v. Sun Microsystems, Inc., 2010 WL 503054 (S.D. Ind. Feb. 8, 2010)

Where plaintiff accessed privileged, password-protected documents in defendant’s production, “carelessly” produced poor and incomplete copies of relevant taped conversations, and intentionally lied regarding taped conversations in deposition, the magistrate judge declined to recommend dismissal but recommended monetary sanctions instead.  The amount of sanctions recommended was reduced by 25% upon the magistrate judge’s finding that plaintiff’s counsel mitigated plaintiff’s violations by ignoring plaintiff’s emails regarding the password-protected documents.  The magistrate judge also found plaintiff’s “improprieties” mitigated “by the part [the defendant] and its counsel played in creating this perfect storm of a disaster” and reduced the sanction an additional 25%.  While the magistrate judge recommended plaintiff’s counsel be ordered to pay monetary sanctions equal to a 25% reduction in plaintiff’s maximum sanction, the district court declined to adopt that recommendation.  The recommendation was otherwise adopted.

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Court Finds Non-Party's Claims of Privilege Waived, Rejects Assertions of Undue Burden, Grants Defendant's Motions to Compel

Seger v. Ernest-Spencer, Inc., 2010 WL 378113 (D. Neb. Jan. 26, 2010)

In this personal injury case, the court found a non-party had waived its claims of privilege as to already-produced documents and granted defendant’s motion to compel their production upon finding that disclosure was “knowing and intentional” as evidenced by the non-party’s failure to establish reasonable precautions to prevent disclosure and its failure to timely assert a claim of privilege, among other things.  Rejecting claims of undue burden, the court also granted defendant’s motion to compel the non-party’s production of emails after reducing defendant’s proposed search terms to eliminate those deemed irrelevant or overly broad.

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Defendant "Fails to Show that it is Settled Law that the Party Requesting Discovery Must Bear the Cost of Production," Court Denies Motion for A Protective Order

MBIA Ins. Corp. v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., 895 N.Y.S.2d 643 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2010)

Upon defendant’s motion for a protective order to require plaintiff to bear the cost of defendant’s production of electronically stored information (“ESI”), the court declined to follow the purportedly “well settled rule” in New York that the party seeking discovery should bear the cost and denied defendant’s motion.  (See T.A. Ahern Contractors Corp. v. Dormitory Auth. of State of N.Y., 875 N.Y.S.2d 862 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2009) declining to overturn the “well settled” rule in New York that the party seeking discovery bears the cost.)

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Court Compels Production of Foreign Data and Re-Production of "Already-Produced" Electronic Discovery in a Reasonably Usable Form

Accessdata Corp. v. ALSTE Tech. GMBH, 2010 WL 318477 (D. Utah Jan. 21, 2010)

In this breach of contract case, the court granted plaintiff’s motion to compel and ordered defendant (a German company) to produce responsive third-party, personal data, despite objections that such production would violate German law.  The court also granted plaintiff’s motion to compel the re-production of previously produced electronic discovery where defendant’s initial production did not conform to the requirements of Fed. R. Civ. P. 34.

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Personal Emails Retained by Public School's Email System Not Subject to Michigan's Freedom of Information Act

Howell Educ. Assoc. MEA/NEA v. Howell Board of Educ., 2010 WL 290515 (Mich. Ct. App. Jan. 26, 2010)

In this “reverse” Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) case, the trial court held that personal emails generated by and stored on a public school’s email system were public records subject to FOIA.  Upon plaintiffs’ appeal, the appellate court reversed the trial court and held that such emails were not public records and thus not subject to FOIA.  Moreover, the appellate court concluded that violation of an acceptable use policy barring personal use of an email system – “at least one that does not expressly provide that emails are subject to FOIA” – does not render personal emails subject to FOIA.

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Court Finds Data "Not Reasonably Accessible," Denies Motion to Compel

Rodriguez-Torres v. Gov. Dev. Bank of Puerto Rico, 265 F.R.D. 40 (D.P.R. 2010)

In this employment discrimination case, the court found the electronically stored information (“ESI”) requested by the plaintiffs “not reasonably accessible because of the undue burden and cost” and that plaintiffs had failed to show good cause to compel production of the ESI and denied plaintiffs’ motion to compel.

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"Zubulake Revisited: Six Years Later": Judge Shira Scheindlin Issues her Latest e-Discovery Opinion

Pension Comm. of Univ. of Montreal Pension Plan v. Bank of Am. Secs., LLC, 685 F. Supp. 2d 456 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) (Amended Order)

Issued earlier this month, Judge Shira Scheindlin’s opinion in Pension Comm. of Univer. of Montreal Pension Plan v. Bank of Am. Secs., LLC, addresses the issues of parties’ preservation obligations and spoliation in great detail, including detailed and informative discussions of the varying levels of culpability in failing to uphold discovery obligations, the required burdens of proof, and the appropriate remedies upon a finding of spoliation.

The opinion was summed up by Judge Scheindlin in the introduction to her opinion:

By now, it should be abundantly clear that the duty to preserve means what it says and that a failure to preserve records-paper or electronic-and to search in the right places for those records, will inevitably result in the spoliation of evidence.

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District Court Rejects Total Dismissal of Claims, Orders Partial Dismissal and $75,000 in Monetary Sanctions for Egregious Discovery Violations

Bray & Gillespie Mgmt., LLC v. Lexington Ins. Co., 2009 WL 5218035 (M.D. Fla. Aug. 3, 2009);  Bray & Gillespie Mgmt., LLC v. Lexington Ins. Co., 2010 WL 55595 (M.D. Fla. Jan. 5, 2010)

Following her finding that “[Bray & Gillespie], through counsel, acted willfully and in bad faith in violation of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and this court’s orders” by failing to make reasonable efforts to search for and produce documents in response to court orders and by making repeated misrepresentations to the court, among other things, the Magistrate Judge recommended that the plaintiff’s claims be stricken and that the case be dismissed with prejudice.  (For additional details of plaintiff’s discovery abuses, click here to be taken to a summary of a prior opinion in this case.)  On review of that recommendation, the District Court Judge found total dismissal of all the plaintiff’s claims “an excessive remedy” and instead ordered the dismissal of all claims for damages arising from the alleged interruption of business at the Treasure Island Property and for the plaintiff to pay $75,000 to the defendant for expenses incurred in pursuit of its motion for sanctions.

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Court Finds Claims of Burden and Expense "Exaggerated," Declines to Find Emails "Not Reasonably Accessible"

Starbucks Corp. v. ADT Security Servs., Inc., 2009 WL 4730798 (W.D. Wash. Apr. 30, 2009)

In this recently released opinion written early last year, the defendant, ADT Security Services, Inc. (“ADT”), sought to avoid its obligation to produce archived emails by arguing the emails were not “reasonably accessible because of undue burden or cost,” as that term is used in Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(2)(B).  In support of this position, ADT’s Manager of Information Technology, John Mitchell, provided various estimates regarding the potential cost of time and money to restore the requested email.  In response, the plaintiff, Starbucks Corporation (“Starbucks”), provided its own estimates of the potential cost which were significantly lower than those proffered by ADT.  Finding Mitchell had “at every turn, provided exaggerated reasons and exaggerated expenses as to why ADT allegedly cannot and should not be ordered to comply with its discovery obligations,” the court declined to find the information at issue “not reasonably accessible.”  Moreover, the court indicated that even had the information been deemed not reasonably accessible, the court would have found that good cause existed to order the production.  Accordingly, Starbuck’s motion to compel was granted.

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Appellate Court Affirms Order Allowing Plaintiff's Expert to Image Defendants' Hard Drives to Support Claims of Spoliation and Fraud

Cornwall v. N. Ohio Surgical Ctr., 2009 WL 5174172 (Ohio. Ct. App. Dec. 31, 2009)

In this wrongful death litigation, the trial court granted plaintiff’s motion to allow his forensic expert to create a mirror image of defendants’ hard drives.  Plaintiff asserted that examination of the drives would reveal evidence of defendants’ willful alteration or deletion of relevant evidence.  The court granted the motion despite defendants’ objections that such access would violate statutory and common law prohibitions against the disclosure of confidential medical information and that such access was not authorized under Fed. R. Civ. P. 34.  Defendants appealed.  On appeal, the order of the trial court was affirmed.

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"International Man of Mystery" Sanctioned for Contempt of Court and Intentional Spoliation

TR Investors, LLC v. Genger, 2009 WL 4696062 (Del. Ch. Dec. 9, 2009) (Unpublished)

In this case, defendant Arie Genger was held in contempt and found to have intentionally spoliated relevant documents in violation of a court order following his instruction to his personal IT consultant to wipe the unallocated space of his company’s computer system which his consultant then carried out.  Declining to impose terminating sanctions, the court instead ordered that Genger produce 10 documents previously subject to a claim of privilege, that the burden of persuasion as to Genger’s affirmative defenses and counter-claims be raised one level, that Genger was precluded from prevailing on any material factual issue by reason of his testimony alone, and that Genger pay for plaintiffs’ reasonable attorneys’ fees and expenses in the amount of $750,000.

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Court Rules Mistaken Transmission of Privileged Email Due to Use of "Autofill" Function in Email Did Not Result in Waiver

Multiquip, Inc. v. Water Mgmt. Systs., LLC, 2009 WL 4261214 (D. Idaho Nov. 23, 2009)

When responding to an email communication from his attorney, defendant mistakenly sent his message to a third party.  As a result, the email was eventually provided to opposing counsel in the litigation.  Plaintiff’s counsel refused to return the email upon defense counsel’s request and filed a motion for a protective order to which the email was attached.  Defendants then filed a motion to exclude plaintiff’s use of the email.  Defendant David Muhs explained that the mistaken transmission occurred when the autofill feature on his email program supplied the wrong address in place of that of the intended recipient.  Conducting its analysis pursuant to Fed. R. Evid. 502, the court determined that privilege had not been waived.

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Ex Parte Contact with Independent Forensic Examiner Results in Forfeiture of Opportunity for Forensic Examination and Denial of Motion for Sanctions with Prejudice

G.K. Las Vegas Ltd. P’ship v. Simon Prop. Group, 2009 WL 4283086 (D. Nev. Nov. 30, 2009)

Following a determination that defendants participated in improper ex parte communications with an independent, court-appointed forensic expert and thus destroyed its impartiality, the district court held that defendants had forfeited their right to a forensic examination of plaintiffs’ relevant computer systems and modified its prior order to deny defendants’ motion for spoliation sanctions with prejudice.

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Supreme Court of Washington Holds Trial Court Did Not Abuse Discretion in Imposing $8,000,000 Default Judgment Pursuant to CR 37 for Defendant's Willful Discovery Violations

Magaña v. Hyundai Motor Am., 220 P.3d 191 (Wash. 2009)

Plaintiff sustained injuries in an automobile accident that he alleged were caused in part by a defective seat design which allowed the seat to collapse.  The case went to trial and plaintiff was awarded $8,000,000.  The verdict was reversed on appeal for reasons related to plaintiff’s expert’s testimony and a new trial on the issue of liability was ordered.

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Trial Court Violated Attorney-Client Privilege by Ordering In Camera Review

Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Superior Court, S163335 (Cal. Nov. 30, 2009)

In 2000, Costco hired outside counsel to provide legal advice regarding the applicability of certain wage and overtime laws to its warehouse managers.  In furtherance of providing such advice, counsel spoke with two managers Costco had made available to her.  Thereafter, she provided Costco with a 22-page opinion letter addressing the question at issue.  Several years later, plaintiffs in a class action against Costco sought to compel production of the relevant opinion letter arguing that the letter contained unprivileged information and that Costco had placed the contents in issue thereby waiving the privilege.

To resolve the question, the court ordered the letter be reviewed by a discovery referee who subsequently recommended production of the letter with heavy redactions.  The referee reasoned that the factual information therein was not privileged and that while interviewing the two managers, the attorney had acted not as an attorney but as a fact finder.  The trial court adopted the recommendation and ordered the letter produced.  On appeal (and without ruling on the merits of the trial court’s order or its decision to refer the letter to a discovery referee for review), the court affirmed the order reasoning that Costco had failed to establish that the production would cause irreparable harm.  The issue was appealed to the Supreme Court of California.

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Finding Back-up Tapes "Not Reasonably Accessible" Court Declines to Compel Restoration of All but One Tape; No Sanctions for Deletion of Email Absent Evidence of Duty to Preserve or Showing of Bad Faith

Calixto v. Watson Bowman Acme Corp., 2009 WL 3823390 (S.D. Fla. Nov. 16, 2009)

In this breach of contract litigation, plaintiff filed a motion to compel defendant Watson Bowman Acme Corporation (“WABO”) to “remedy its spoliation of documents” by restoring and searching back-up tapes that potentially contained copies of emails that were deleted.  Plaintiff also sought sanctions for the alleged spoliation.  The court denied plaintiff’s motion to compel the restoration of all back-up tapes, following its determination that the burden and cost of such restoration rendered the documents not reasonably accessible and upon finding that plaintiff failed to establish good cause for such a search.  However, as to a one tape determined to potentially contain the relevant deleted emails, the court granted plaintiff’s motion and ordered the tape be restored and searched.  Regarding sanctions, the court denied plaintiff’s motion absent a clear indication of a duty to preserve at the time of the deletion and absent any evidence of bad faith.

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Communications with Attorney Using Company Computer and Email Account Not Protected by Attorney-Client Privilege

Alamar Ranch, LLC v. City of Boise, 2009 WL 3669741 (D. Idaho Nov. 2, 2009)

In this case arising from a land use and permitting dispute, the court ruled that emails sent by a non-party to her attorney using her work computer and work-assigned email address were not protected by the attorney-client privilege.  In so holding, the court relied in large part upon the existence of company policy which put the employee on notice that her emails were subject to monitoring and were not confidential.  Emails sent by the attorney to the employee’s work account were likewise unprotected where the attorney was on notice of the employee’s use of company email and should have recognized the risk that such emails were unprotected.  As for emails sent to the attorney by other clients and copied to the employee, the court reasoned that such emails retained their privileged status where the senders (non-employees of the relevant company) were not on notice of the potential exposure of their emails to outside scrutiny.

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Court Compels Discovery from Foreign Corporation Pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure

In re Global Power Equip. Group, Inc., 418 B.R. 833 (Bankr. D. Del. 2009)

Upon a motion to compel production of documents from claimant, a foreign corporation, the court found the documents at issue to be within the control of the claimant and, applying the “comity analysis” as articulated by the United States Supreme Court, determined that the contested matter “should and shall be conducted under the Federal Rules and not under the Hague Evidence Convention.”  Accordingly, the motion to compel was granted and claimant was ordered to comply with the contested discovery requests “in accordance with the Federal Rules.”

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Defendants and General Counsel Sanctioned for Failure to Preserve Evidence

Swofford v. Eslinger, 671 F. Supp. 2d 1274 (M.D. Fla. 2009)

In April 2006, plaintiff Swofford was shot seven times, on his own property, by two deputies in pursuit of two burglary suspects.  Plaintiffs brought suit against the sheriff in his official capacity and against the deputies individually.  In August 2006, plaintiffs’ counsel sent the first of two letters requesting the preservation of relevant evidence.  In February 2007, plaintiffs’ counsel sent a second preservation letter and a notice of claim as required by Florida statute.  Defendants did not deny receipt of these letters, but evidence was nonetheless destroyed.

Despite defendants’ receipt of the letters, no litigation holds were ever issued.  Rather, the letters were forwarded to six senior employees of the Seminole Country Sherriff’s Office (“SCSO”), including named defendant Sherriff Eslinger.  No preservation instructions were provided to the deputies involved in the shooting.

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Supreme Court of Arizona holds Metadata is Subject to Public Records Requests

Lake v. City of Phoenix, 222 Ariz. 547, 218 P.3d 1004 (2009)

In an en banc opinion, the Supreme Court of Arizona vacated (in part) an opinion from the Court of Appeals and held that “if a public entity maintains a public record in an electronic format, then the electronic version, including any embedded metadata, is subject to disclosure under our public records laws.”  [Emphasis added.]

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Court Imposes Strict Sanctions for Loss of Video Resulting from City's Reckless Failure to Ensure Preservation

Peschel v. City of Missoula, 664 F. Supp. 2d 1137 (D. Mont. 2009)

In this case arising from defendant’s claims that he was wrongfully arrested and that the officers used excessive force, among other things, defendant sought sanctions for the city’s failure to preserve the video of the arrest that was recorded by a camera in one of the officer’s cars.  Finding that the video was lost as a result of the city’s recklessness, the court granted defendant’s motion for sanctions and “designat[ed], for purposes of the case, that the arresting officers used unreasonable force to effect the arrest of [defendant].” 

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Court Denies Motion to Compel Sequestration and Forensic Examination of City's Computers and Storage Devices, Directs Parties to Cooperate to Develop a "Meaningful Discovery Plan"

Mirbeau Geneva Lake, LLC v. City of Lake Geneva, 2009 3347101 (E.D. Wis. Oct. 15, 2009)

In this litigation over the attempted development of land in the City of Lake Geneva, plaintiff sought to compel production of all of defendants’ “computers and other electronic storage devices” for forensic examination.  In support of the motion, plaintiff argued that defendants’ offer to produce emails in “paper form” was insufficient and that defendants were not properly preserving data for production.  Noting plaintiff’s failure to make a sufficient showing in favor of such production and the parties’ failure to cooperate to reach agreement on the issues presented, the court denied plaintiff’s motion.

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Indiana Supreme Court Rules Trial Court Properly Admitted Evidence of Defendant's MySpace Page in Murder Trial

Clark v. State, 915 N.E.2d 126 (2009)

Defendant Ian J. Clark was found guilty of murdering a two year old girl left in his care and was sentenced to life in prison without parole.  On appeal, Clark argued that the trial court improperly admitted evidence from his MySpace account in violation of Ind. R. Evid. 404(b).  Taking up the “novel question” of the propriety of admitting such evidence, the Supreme Court of Indiana ruled that the trial court did not err in admitting the evidence, particularly where Clark’s own testimony made his character a “central issue” of his defense.  The verdict and sentence were therefore affirmed.

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Finding Emails "Not Reasonably Accessible" Court Shifts Burden to Show Good Cause and Orders Limited Searching Using Specific Terms

Capitol Records, Inc. v. MP3tunes, LLC, 2009 WL 2568431 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 13, 2009)

During the course of discovery in this copyright infringement case, several disputes arose related to the burdensome nature of the parties’ respective requests for production.  The court initially “urged the parties” to work cooperatively to develop agreed search terms to be utilized by MP3tunes in its search for responsive electronically stored information (“ESI”).  After an initial failure to agree (and MP3tunes unilateral decision to search for ESI using only one search term), the court again directed counsel to cooperate to agree on search terms for MP3tunes use.  Again, the parties failed to reach agreement and sought intervention by the court on a number of issues.

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Court Denies Request for Adverse Inference Absent Demonstration that Lost Emails were Favorable to Plaintiff

Scalera v. Electrograph Sys., Inc., 2009 WL 3126637 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 29, 2009)

Despite finding that “Defendants have unquestionably breached a duty to preserve emails in this case,” the court denied plaintiff’s motion for an adverse inference instruction where “Plaintiff ultimately failed to demonstrate that any destroyed emails would have been favorable to her position.”

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No Reasonable Expectation of Privacy for Emails Transmitted through Employer's Server and thus, No Privilege

Leor Exploration & Prod., LLC v. Aguiar, 2009 WL 3097207 (S.D. Fla. Sept. 23, 2009)

In this case, the court overruled the determination of the special master and held that defendant had no reasonable expectation of privacy as to emails transmitted through plaintiff’s server and thus, no attorney-client privilege as to those communications.

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Failure to Timely "Re-Assess its Procedures and Re-Check its Production" upon Notice of Inadvertent Production Results in Waiver of Later Identified Documents

U.S. v. Sensient Colors, Inc., 2009 WL 2905474 (D.N.J. Sept. 9, 2009)

Defendant moved to compel the production of 214 inadvertently produced documents.  Plaintiff objected, arguing that the parties’ discovery agreement precluded the waiver of privilege as to inadvertently produced documents.  Noting courts’ general disapproval of “blanket” disclosure provisions and finding that the parties’ agreement did not in fact preclude waiver in all situations, the court analyzed the question of waiver pursuant to FRE 502.  The court identified three categories of inadvertently produced documents based upon the timing of the notice of their inadvertent production to the plaintiff.  The court found privilege was not waived as to the first category of documents (those brought to plaintiff’s attention the earliest).  However, noting that plaintiff was on notice of the deficiencies of his process as a result of the first notification of inadvertent production, and that despite such notice plaintiff failed to “re-assess” its document production, the court found the privilege had been waived as to the remaining categories.

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Court Orders Adverse Inference for Spoliation of Data on Handheld Devices

Southeastern Mechanical Services, Inc. v. Brody, 2009 WL 2883057 (M.D. Fla. Aug. 31, 2009)

Plaintiff Southeastern Mechanical Services, Inc. (“SMS”) moved for spoliation sanctions alleging that defendants, including individual defendants Smith, Sherouse and Brody, spoliated data by deleting it from their BlackBerries and laptops.  Defendants denied the allegations and argued that no evidence was destroyed because all of the data on the individual defendants’ laptops and BlackBerries was stored on servers.  Further, defendants argued that hard copies of the relevant emails were produced to SMS and it was therefore irrelevant whether any information was deleted.  The allegations regarding the laptops were eventually resolved by corporate defendant Thermal Engineering Construction Services, Inc.’s, (“TEI”), explanation that the laptops were configured so that the individual defendants’ emails would reside on the server.  As to the BlackBerries, however, the court found the individual defendants had deleted the data in bad faith and ordered an adverse inference to be provided to the jury at trial.

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Texas Supreme Court Finds Abuse of Discretion in Grant of Access to Defendant's Computers, Summarizes Proper Procedure under Tex. R. Civ. P. 196.4

In re Weekley Homes, L.P., 295 S.W.3d 309 (Tex. 2009)

In this mandamus proceeding, the Supreme Court of Texas found that the trial court abused its discretion by ordering four of defendant’s employees to turn over their computer hard drives for forensic examination.

In 2007, after adding Weekley Homes, L.P. (“Weekley”) to an already pending breach of contract suit, plaintiff HFG Enclave Land Interests, Ltd. (“HFG”) served requests for production, including requests for “a broad variety of emails.”  Weekley produced thirty-one responsive emails.  Unconvinced that more correspondence did not exist, HFG filed a motion to compel additional searching.  At hearing on the issue, Weekley explained that the employees’ inboxes were limited in size and, when full, had to be emptied by manual deletion of the messages therein.  Accordingly, Weekley’s employees were “force[d]” to clear out their inboxes regularly.  Emails would be saved only if backed up by an employee to his or her hard drive.  The deleted emails were saved on backup tapes for thirty days.  The trial court denied HFG’s motion.

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Court Orders Monetary Sanction for Failure to Preserve to be Paid by Defendant and Counsel

Green v. McClendon, 262 F.R.D. 284 (S.D.N.Y. 2009)

Upon one of the defendant’s revelation that she had lost all original versions of electronic files when she transferred those files to CD and then reinstalled her operating system, plaintiff filed a motion for sanctions.  Finding that the defendant and counsel violated their duty to preserve evidence, the court authorized additional discovery and awarded plaintiff his costs, including attorney’s fees, to be paid by the defendant and her counsel.

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Court Articulates Analysis Under FRE 502, Finds No Waiver of Inadvertently Produced Email

Coburn Group, LLC v. Whitecap Advisors, LLC, 640 F. Supp. 2d 1032 (N.D. Ill. 2009)

In this case, defendant, Whitecap Advisors LLC (“Whitecap”), sought to compel the return of one privileged email and to strike deposition testimony regarding the same.  Plaintiff, Coburn Group, LLC (“Coburn”), resisted returning the email arguing that it was not protected work product, that privilege was waived by production, and that Coburn was “entitled” to the email because it revealed that Whitecap had mislead the court.  Finding that the email was protected as work product and that no waiver occurred, the court granted Whitecap’s motion.

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For Discovery Violations, Court Sanctions Plaintiff and Counsel... Again

Bray & Gillespie Mgmt. LLC v. Lexington Ins. Co., 2009 WL 2407754 (M.D. Fla. Aug. 3, 2009)

In this case, plaintiff Bray & Gillespie Management, LLC (“B&G”) sought to recover payment for, among other things, business interruption losses allegedly suffered as the result of damage from Hurricane Jeanne in 2004.  Defendant, Lexington Insurance Company (“Lexington”), refused payment for several reasons, including its belief that the damages alleged were caused by two prior hurricanes and that the hotel at issue was not open at the relevant time.  In this opinion, one of several addressing discovery issues in this ongoing litigation, the court addressed Lexington’s motion for sanctions following numerous discovery violations on the part of B&G and its counsel.  The alleged violations revolved around the untimely production of “room folios” – evidence which would have shown who, if anyone, had stayed at the hotel following Hurricane Jeanne, and thus, the extent of the business interruption losses sustained.  Finding in favor of Lexington, the court prohibited B&G from presenting evidence in support of their claim for business interruption losses, struck the portions of their expert’s report addressing that claim, and ordered B&G and counsel jointly and severally liable for Lexington’s reasonable expenses.

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No Sanctions for Failure to Preserve Links to Graphics in Emails Where Plaintiff Failed to Establish Bad Faith or How the Images were Relevant or Necessary to His Claims

Ferron v. Echostar Satellite, LLC, 2009 WL 2370623 (S.D. Ohio July 30, 2009)

Plaintiff’s 1300-page complaint alleged numerous violations of the Ohio Consumer Sales Practice Act against multiple defendants for sending email messages which conveyed a commercial advertisement and displayed the name and/or logo of “Dish Network.”  In the course of discovery, Plaintiff sought sanctions for three defendants’ alleged failure to preserve website links to images contained in those messages.  Because paper copies of the messages were preserved and available and because Plaintiff did not establish defendants’ duty to maintain certain websites, the court found Plaintiff failed to establish bad faith.  Moreover, Plaintiff failed to establish that the images at issue were necessary or relevant to his claims.  Accordingly, Plaintiff’s motion for sanctions was denied.  [Note:  Defendant E-Management Group, Inc. (“E-Management”) was the only defendant to respond to Plaintiff’s motion(s). Nonetheless, the court denied sanctions as to all three accused defendants upon analysis of E-Management’s arguments and defenses.]

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Third Parties Held in Contempt for Failure to Obey Court Order, Including Using Computer Following Instructions that "They May Not Touch the Computers Except to Turn Them Off" Prior To Production

Sonomedica, Inc. v. Mohler, 2009 WL 2371507 (E.D. Va. July 28, 2009)

In this case, the court adopted the recommendation of the magistrate judge and found third parties in contempt for violation of the court’s orders, including the spoliation of electronically stored information on hard drives they were ordered to produce, and ordered them to pay plaintiff’s attorney’s fees and costs in the amount of $108,212.15 and for the case to be referred to the United States Attorney for investigation of possible criminal sanctions.

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Court Denies Motion for Sanctions for Failure to Suspend Automatic Overwriting of Backup Tapes Absent Showing of Bad Faith

Southeastern Mech. Servs., Inc. v. Brody, 2009 WL 2242395 (M.D. Fla. July 24, 2009)

Defendant Thermal Engineering Construction Services, Inc. (“TEI”) moved for spoliation sanctions alleging that plaintiff failed to adopt a proper litigation hold procedure which resulted in the automatic deletion of email and other electronically stored information (“ESI”) from plaintiff’s backup tapes.  Specifically, plaintiff failed to preserve information from Defendant Norman Brody following his last day of employment with plaintiff.  Despite finding that plaintiff had a duty to preserve relevant evidence at the time of the loss, the court declined to impose sanctions absent a showing of bad faith and denied TEI’s motion.

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Finding Defendant "May Have" Caused the Deletion of "Possibly Relevant Emails," Court Orders Sanctions, Including Payment to Local Bar Association

Pinstripe, Inc. v. Manpower, Inc., 2009 WL 2252131 (N.D. Okla. July 29, 2009)

In this case, defendant Manpower, Inc. (“Manpower”) failed to distribute the litigation hold notice that was provided to it by counsel and failed to monitor compliance with oral instructions to some managers.  As a result, “possibly relevant emails were destroyed.”  Despite significant efforts, the deleted data could not be recovered from the system.  Approximately 700 emails were recovered from their recipients, however, and the emails’ attachments were preserved on “another server.”  Plaintiff sought sanctions against Manpower and its counsel.  Specifically, plaintiff sought default judgment or an adverse inference instruction.  The court denied plaintiff’s motion as to counsel, but agreed that some sanctions were warranted against Manpower.  Accordingly, the court’s order allowed plaintiffs to re-open depositions to address the late production and to seek additional relief if the need arose and ordered Manpower to contribute $2500 to the local bar association to support a seminar on litigation hold orders and preservation of electronic data.

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Employee's Communications Protected by Attorney-Client Privilege Despite Use of Work Computer

Stengart v. Loving Care Agency, Inc., 973 A.2d 390 (N.J. Sup. Ct. 2009)

Reversing the trial court, the appellate court found that an employee’s communications with her attorney via her personal email account were privileged despite the use of her work computer to send those communications.  The trial court previously ruled that the communications were not privileged as a result of the employee’s use of her work computer, in light of her employer’s policy that, according to the trial court, “put plaintiff on sufficient notice that her emails would be viewed as company property.”  In reversing the trial court, the appellate court found that “the policies undergirding the attorney-client privilege substantially outweigh the employer’s interest in enforcement of its unilaterally imposed regulation.” 

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Court Orders Adverse Inference for Failure to Preserve Evidence following Notice that such Evidence May Have Been Relevant in Future Litigation

KCH Servs., Inc. v. Vanaire, Inc., 2009 WL 2216601 (W.D. Ky. July 22, 2009)

Plaintiff moved the court for default judgment, sanctions, or an adverse inference instruction based on defendant Vanaire’s spoliation of evidence, including the deletion of software and electronically stored information (“ESI”) from its computers.  Specifically, following a phone call from plaintiff’s president indicating his belief that Vanaire was using plaintiff’s software, defendant Guillermo Vanegas instructed Vanaire employees to delete any software “that he did not purchase or did not own.”  Additionally, even after plaintiff filed its complaint and sent an evidence-preservation letter, Vanaire failed in its duty to preserve “by continuing to delete and overwrite” ESI.

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Previously Opened Emails Stored for Less than 181 Days in Web-Based Account May be Obtained by Trial Subpoena

U.S. v. Weaver, 2009 WL 2163478 (C.D. Ill. July 15, 2009) (Not Reported)

In this case, the Government sought to discover the contents of defendant’s email sent or received at a Microsoft/MSN Hotmail account. Accordingly, the Government executed a trial subpoena seeking production of “‘the contents of electronic communications (not in ‘electronic storage’ as defined by 18 U.S.C. § 2510(7)’ and specified that the ‘[c]ontents of communications not in ‘electronic storage’ include the contents of previously opened or sent mail.’”  Microsoft declined to produce the content of previously accessed, viewed, or downloaded emails that had been stored for fewer than 181 days citing precedent from the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals that such production would require a warrant.  Because Microsoft is located within the Ninth Circuit, it felt it must comply.  The Government sought to compel production.

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Finding the Requested Information Relevant and Defendant's Cost Estimates "Greatly Exaggerated," Court Grants Plaintiffs' Motion to Compel

Spieker v. Quest Cherokee, LLC, 2009 WL 2168892 (D. Kan. July 21, 2009)

This matter was before the court on plaintiffs’ renewed motion to compel the production of electronically stored information (“ESI”).  Previously, the court denied a motion to compel without prejudice for reasons including plaintiffs’ failure to establish the relevance of the material requested and defendant’s estimated cost to comply and directed the parties to address recently enacted Fed. R. Evid. 502 in any future discussions of production and costs.  The parties were unable to reach agreement regarding production, and plaintiffs filed a renewed motion to compel.  Upon finding that plaintiffs had established the relevance of the material requested and that defendant’s estimated costs of production were “greatly exaggerated,” the court granted the motion.

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Court Orders Adverse Inference for Spoliation of CEO's Data but Finds No Obligation to Preserve Relevant Data of Third Party Consultants

Goodman v. Praxair Servs., Inc., 632 F. Supp. 2d 494 (D. Md. 2009)

In this case arising from a claim for breach of contract, plaintiff Goodman alleged that defendant Praxair Services, Inc. (formerly Tracer) (“Tracer/PSI”) spoliated relevant data and was deserving of sanctions.  Specifically, Goodman alleged that Tracer/PSI violated is duty to preserve when it failed to implement a litigation hold resulting in a significant loss of data, including the contents of relevant hard drives and emails, and where its CEO deliberately deleted data, among other things.  Goodman also sought sanctions for the spoliation of Tracer/PSI’s third-party consultants’ files.  The court granted in part and denied in part Goodman’s motion and ordered an adverse inference against Tracer/PSI.

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"Inhibited Ability to Participate Meaningfully in Electronic Discovery" Results in Reduction of Rate of Recoverable Attorney's Fees

Chen v. Dougherty, 2009 WL 1938961 (W.D. Wash. July 7, 2009)

Following a verdict in their favor, plaintiffs moved for attorneys' fees as provided by law.  Finding that plaintiffs were the “prevailing parties” under the relevant fee shifting statute, the court indicated its willingness to approve the attorneys’ requested hourly rates, with one exception.  Regarding the time spent by one attorney on discovery, the court ordered the requested rate to be reduced upon finding that her “inhibited ability to participate meaningfully in electronic discovery” was indicative of “novice skills in this area” and not “experienced counsel.”

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Court Grants Motion for Sanctions, Precludes Defendants' Assertion of Affirmative Defense

Arista Records, LLC v. Usenet.com, Inc., 2009 WL 1873589 (S.D.N.Y. June 30, 2009)

In this copyright infringement case, plaintiffs alleged defendants committed egregious discovery violations deserving of terminating sanctions.  The violations included wiping relevant hard drives of its employees, failing to preserve and produce relevant emails, providing misleading responses to discovery, and violating two court orders, among other things.  Finding plaintiffs’ accusations credible in light of the evidence presented, the court denied their request for terminating sanctions but precluded defendants from asserting their affirmative defense of protection under the relevant statute’s safe harbor provision.  The court then granted summary judgment in favor of the plaintiffs.

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Magistrate Judge Declines to Compel Plaintiff to Categorically Organize Documents that were Produced as Kept in the Usual Course of Business

Valeo Elec. Sys., Inc. v. Cleveland Die & Mfg. Co., 2009 WL 1803216 (E.D. Mich. June 17, 2009)

In response to defendant’s requests for production, plaintiff produced over 270,000 pages of emails and other electronically stored information (“ESI”) as they were kept in the usual course of business.  Plaintiff also produced two indices which identified the custodian for each bates range, the location the file was stored, document titles and “re:” lines of emails, and additional information regarding the creation and storage of the information produced.  Defendant argued that despite the information provided, it nonetheless had to open and review each file individually and alleged that plaintiff named the files “innocuously” in order to frustrate its review.  Discussing the relevant burden to a party producing its files as maintained in the usual course of business, the court found plaintiff had satisfied its burden under Fed. R. Civ. P. 34 and the parties’ agreement and denied defendant’s motion to compel plaintiff to organize the data into 28 specific categories.

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You Get What You Pay For: Court Allows Access to Defendant's Relevant Backup Tapes and Email Archives provided Plaintiff is Willing to Bear the Costs

Kilpatrick v. Breg, Inc., 2009 WL 1764829 (S.D. Fla. June 22, 2009)

This case arose from plaintiff’s claim that defendant’s product caused plaintiff to develop a degenerative cartilage condition (chondrolysis), that defendant was aware of the risk of such a condition, and that defendant is therefore liable for plaintiff’s damages resulting from the condition.  In the course of discovery, plaintiff became concerned that defendant’s production of electronic discovery was incomplete and filed a motion to compel.  Acknowledging the validity of plaintiff’s concern but noting the unlikely possibility that any material new documents were located in defendant’s email archives or on disaster recovery tapes, the court concluded that plaintiff may, but was not required to, hire an outside vendor “for the purpose of confirming the completeness of [defendant’s] production, at is own expense” subject to specific conditions enumerated by the court.

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Court Orders Producing Party to Bear the Cost of Production but Not Conversion where Documents are Produced as Ordinarily Maintained, Declines to Compel Production of All Metadata

Dahl v. Bain Capital Partners, LLC, 2009 WL 1748526 (D. Mass. June 22, 2009)

In a comprehensive yet brief opinion, the court addressed several issues including the cost of conversion and production of electronically stored information (“ESI”) and the production of metadata, among other things.

Specifically, noting that “courts will rarely shift costs to the requesting party and this is not one of those exceptional circumstances,” the court declined to shift the cost of defendants’ production of electronically stored information (“ESI”) but held that defendants would not have to pay to change the format of their responsive documents and that plaintiffs would bear the cost for such modification, if desired.  In support of its holding, the court reasoned:

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Court Finds Request Overly Broad and Unduly Burdensome and Denies Motion to Compel but Orders Search of Electronically Stored Information According to Its Instruction

Kay Beer Distrib., Inc. v. Energy Brands, Inc., 2009 WL 1649592 (E.D. Wis. June 10, 2009)

Following the court’s award of partial summary judgment to defendant, the sole cause of action remaining was plaintiff’s claim for breach of an oral agreement.  In support of that claim, plaintiff sought to compel the production of five DVDs containing the results of defendant’s search for potentially responsive electronically stored information ("ESI") referencing plaintiff, including emails.  Because of the broad nature of defendant’s search, the DVDs contained some information that was privileged or otherwise non-discoverable.  Defendant opposed the request as overly broad and unduly burdensome “given the narrow issues remaining in the case.”  Moreover, defendant had previously produced responsive ESI, including ESI contained on the DVDs.  The court denied plaintiff’s motion to compel.  Having denied the motion, the court nonetheless recognized defendant’s obligation to “conduct reasonable searches” to respond to plaintiff’s discovery requests and ordered defendant to conduct additional searching of the ESI at issue as instructed by the court.

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Appellate Court Finds Trial Court Abused its Discretion by Failing to Impose Terminating Sanctions for Discovery Abuses, Directs Entry of Default Judgment

Doppes v. Bentley Motors, Inc., 94 Cal. Rptr. 3d 802 (Cal. Ct. App. 2009)

In this case arising from plaintiff’s claims of a foul odor in his new car and defendant’s failure to repair it, plaintiff repeatedly sought terminating sanctions from the trial court for defendant’s repeated and egregious discovery abuses.  Instead, the trial court ordered the jury would be instructed regarding defendant’s discovery failures and allowed to draw an adverse inference. Even when presented with additional evidence of defendant’s failures during trial, the trial court refused to award terminating sanctions.  On appeal, the appellate court found that the trial court abused its discretion in failing to impose terminating sanctions and remanded the case with instructions to strike defendant’s answer and enter default judgment, among other things.

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Finding Plaintiffs' Ex-Employee and his New Employers Culpable for the Spoliation of Ex-Employee's Laptop, Court Orders Adverse Inference and Monetary Sanctions

Beard Research, Inc. v. Kates, 981 A.2d 1175 (Del. Ch. 2009)

In this case, arising from plaintiffs’ claims that defendants interfered with business relationships and misappropriated trade secrets, plaintiffs sought sanctions against defendants for the destruction of information on a laptop computer which belonged to defendant Michael Kates, a former employee of plaintiffs.  The court refused to award default judgment, as requested, but ordered an adverse inference against Kates and ordered monetary sanctions against Kates and defendants Advanced Synthesis Group (“ASG”) and ASDI, Inc. (“ASDI”) resulting from Kates’s destruction of a relevant hard drive and ASG’s and ASDI’s failure to take reasonable steps to prevent that destruction.

Dr. Michael Kates was employed by plaintiffs between 1997 and February 2004.  In mid-2003, while still employed by plaintiffs, Kates purchased a Gateway laptop for business purposes.  Between 2003 and early 2004, Kates’s relationship with plaintiffs deteriorated.  In December 2003, Kates resigned from plaintiff C&B Research & Development, Inc. (“CB”) and on February 13, 2004, Kates also resigned from plaintiff Beard Research, Inc. (“BR”).  Kates began working at ASG three days later and eventually went to work for ASDI; he continued to use the Gateway laptop.  ASDI provided management services for ASG and both plaintiffs and defendants were involved in the sale of chemical compounds through a catalog, among other things.  On May 4, 2005, CB and BR filed suit against Kates, ASDI, ASG and others.

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Finding Defendants' Behavior "a Textbook Case of Discovery Abuse," Court Orders $1,022,700 in Monetary Sanctions

Kipperman v. Onex Corp., 2009 WL 1473708 (N.D. Ga. May 27, 2009)

In this constructive transfer and fraud case arising out of the 2003 bankruptcy of Magnatrax Corporation, plaintiff alleged numerous discovery abuses on the part of defendants and sought sanctions accordingly.  Among the abuses described were several allegations related to defendants’ failure to produce information stored on backup tapes, even upon being ordered to do so, and other various and related misdeeds.  Calling defendants actions a “textbook case of discovery abuse,” the court found in favor of plaintiff but declined to strike defendants’ answer, as requested, and ordered defendants to pay plaintiff $1,022,700 in monetary sanctions.

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Court Declines to Compel Production of Documents from Foreign Jurisdiction upon Finding a Lack of Personal Jurisdiction and where Certain Documents are Protected from Production by Israeli Law

Linde v. Arab Bank, PLC, 2009 WL 1456573 (E.D.N.Y. May 22, 2009)

In this case, defendant Arab Bank moved to compel production of documents, pursuant to subpoena, by non-parties Israel Discount Bank, Ltd. (“IDB”), its indirect, wholly –owned subsidiary, Israel Discount Bank of New York (“IDBNY”), and Bank Hapoalim (“Hapoalim”).  Arab Bank served its first subpoena on IDBNY seeking, among other things, the production of IDB documents located in Israel.  Arab Bank also served a second subpoena on IDBNY seeking “the production of identical information from its parent, IDB.”  Hapoalim was also served with a subpoena seeking the production of documents located in Israel.  IDBNY generally complied with the first subpoena but objected to the production of IDB documents located in Israel.  As to the second subpoena, IDBNY accepted service on behalf of itself, but not IDB, and IDB resisted the production of the documents sought based on the court’s lack of personal jurisdiction.  Hapoalim also resisted production arguing that much of the information sought was protected from discovery by Israeli law.  The court denied Arab Bank’s motion as to IDB documents located in Israel upon finding that IDBNY lacked sufficient control of such documents and because the court lacked personal jurisdiction over IDB.  The court also denied Arab Bank’s motion as to those documents protected by Israeli law, but indicated its willingness to require production of the other documents requested.

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Court Finds Delay in Objecting to a Failure to Produce in Native Format Was "Patently Unreasonable" and Denies Defendant's Motion to Compel Production; Court Also Denies Motion to Confirm Adequacy of Defendant's Manual Search

Ford Motor Co. v. Edgewood Props., Inc., 257 F.R.D. 418 (D.N.J. 2009)

In this case, arising from allegations surrounding contaminated concrete following the demolition of a Ford plant in New Jersey, defendant Edgewood Properties (“Edgewood”) brought several motions before the court, including a motion to compel production of documents in their native format (or documents containing metadata) and a motion for an order granting Edgewood the right to confirm the adequacy of Ford’s manual collection process by searching the electronic systems of certain custodians.  Finding Edgewood had waived its objection to the format of Ford’s production by failing to object within a reasonable time period, the court denied Edgewood’s motion to compel.  The court also denied Edgewood’s motion to allow access to certain of Ford’s electronically-stored records citing inter alia the burden to Ford and Edgewood’s failure to make a showing of Ford’s purposeful or negligent withholding of documents.

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Preliminary Injunction against Publication and Dissemination of Documents Received in Public Records Request Violates First Amendment

Council of the City of New Orleans v. Washington, 13 So.3d 662 (La. Ct. App. 2009)

In this case, Relator Tracie Washington, a Louisiana attorney, and others, appealed the trial court’s issuance of a preliminary injunction which prevented them from publishing or disseminating documents received in response to a public records request and required that all documents be returned, among other restrictions.  The request at issue sought email records from a number of City Council members from 2006 to the present.  The documents produced were not reviewed for privilege prior to production.  Accordingly, the City Council sought and received a preliminary injunction to prevent their dissemination and require their return.  Relators appealed and the trial court was reversed upon the appellate court’s finding that the trial court’s injunction violated the Relators’ First Amendment rights.

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Granting Motion to Compel, Court Orders Appointment of Independent Expert "to Retrieve any Deleted Responsive Files from Defendants' Computers"

Bank of Mongolia v. M & P Global Fin. Servs., Inc., 2009 WL 1117312 (S.D. Fla. Apr. 24, 2009)

In this case arising from allegations that defendants conspired to defraud plaintiff of $23 million, defendants failed to properly and timely respond to plaintiff’s requests for production of documents and failed to offer adequate justifications or explanations for such behavior.  Additionally, despite initial representations that certain documents had been produced or were not in their possession, at hearing it became clear that such representations were not true.  For example, despite claiming that all responsive documents had been produced, defense counsel admitted at hearing that defendants had not performed a search of all deleted and unsaved electronic documents.  For defendants’ discovery failures, the court granted plaintiff’s motion to compel and ordered an independent forensic expert be allowed access to defendants’ computer systems to search for “deleted responsive files.”  The court also granted plaintiff’s motion for attorney’s fees.

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Federal Court Defers Final Ruling on Attorneys' Fees Motion Related to Forensic Examination

Technical Sales Assocs., Inc. v. Ohio Star Forge Co., Nos. 07-11745, 08-13365 (E.D. Mich. May 1, 2009)

In ongoing litigation over sales commissions, Plaintiff Technical Sales Associates, Inc. ("TSA") claims that Defendant Ohio Star Forge Comapny ("OSF") breached two separate sales representative agreements.  After a protracted discovery dispute, TSA and OSF agreed to a forensic examination of OSF's computers to search for a particular e-mail.  The forensic examination was performed by a company hired by TSA called Midwest Data Group LLC ("Midwest").  During the forensic examination, Midwest found evidence that certain files had been deleted by OSF. Midwest's reporting of its findings to TSA became the subject of cross-motions for sanctions which were ruled upon by the court on March 19, 2009.  (See summary of March 19, 2009 opinion available here.)

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Acknowledging Trial Court's Efforts to Fashion an Appropriate Sanction, Appellate Court Rejects Argument that Sanction was Punitive and Affirms Award of $90,000

Oz Optics, Ltd. v. Hakimoglu, 2009 WL 1017042 (Cal. App. Apr. 15, 2009) (Unpublished)

In this case arising from defendant/appellant Hakimoglu’s breach of her employment contract, the trial court awarded $90,000 in monetary sanctions upon finding that Hakimoglu violated a court order to produce her laptop and spoliated evidence by using wiping software to delete potentially relevant data.  Upon appeal of this issue, among others, the appellate court affirmed.

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Finding Question of Duty to Preserve Backup Tapes Hinges on Applicability of Exception to the Rule, Court Orders Hearing to Address the Issue

Forest Labs., Inc. v. Caraco Pharm. Labs., Ltd., 2009 WL 998402 (E.D. Mich. Apr. 14, 2009)

In this case, defendants filed a motion seeking a hearing to address plaintiffs’ suspected spoliation of evidence, for an order forbidding plaintiffs from asserting that their drug, escitalopram, did produce unexpected results, and for plaintiffs to pay attorney fees.  Defendants’ motion alleged plaintiffs had destroyed or rendered unsearchable “key electronic records” tending to show that the drug did not produce unexpected results.  Plaintiffs denied the allegation arguing they had preserved all emails on their active file server and had continued their standard operating procedures in good faith.  Finding that inaccessible information stored on plaintiffs’ disaster recovery back up tapes had been destroyed after the duty to preserve arose, the court held that a hearing was necessary to determine whether that information was subject to an exception that would have required the tapes to be preserved.

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Court Finds Party's Discovery Performance "Clearly Egregious" but Undeserving of Harshest Sanctions, Orders Additional Discovery and Forensic Examination of Backup Systems to Verify Completeness of Production

Preferred Care Partners Holding Corp. v. Humana, Inc., 2009 WL 982460 (S.D. Fla. Apr. 9, 2009)

Following defendant’s discovery of thousands of relevant documents two months after the close of discovery and one month before trial, defendant ordered its employees to print the information and then to delete that information from their computers.  Defendant argued the information was deleted in furtherance of its obligations under a Confidentiality Agreement requiring the destruction of the information discovered and that printing the information fulfilled its preservation obligations related to litigation.  Finding that sanctions were warranted, the court ordered additional discovery into issues revealed by the newly discovered evidence at defendant's expense and for defendant to allow plaintiffs to conduct a forensic examination of defendant's backup system to verify its maintenance of deleted emails and to verify that all relevant emails were produced despite defendant’s directive to its employees to print and delete.

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Reliance on Employees' Judgment in Document Retention Policy Results in Finding of Culpability for Spoliation where Documents were Not Preserved

Phillip M. Adams & Assoc., LLC v. Dell, Inc., 621 F. Supp. 2d 1173 (D. Utah 2009)

In this patent infringement case, plaintiff, Phillip M. Adams & Associates (“Adams”), alleged that defendants ASUSTEK Computer Inc. and ASUS Computer International (collectively “ASUS”) spoliated relevant evidence and should therefore be sanctioned.  Finding that ASUS violated its duty to preserve and that the loss of evidence could not be excused as a “routine, good faith operation of electronic information systems,” the court ruled that sanctions were appropriate, but reserved imposition pending the close of discovery and a determination of prejudice.

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Court Denies Criminal Defendant Access to Image of Police Hard Drive Absent Showing of Falsification or Adulteration of Transcripts of Chats Produced by the State

State v. Rivas, 121 Ohio St. 3d 469, 905 N.E.2d 618 (Ohio 2009)

In this case, the Supreme Court of Ohio was asked to address the question of whether “in a case in which a prosecutor has complied with its duty to provide discovery by delivering a transcript of evidence from the hard drive of a police computer, the accused has the right to obtain a mirror image of the computer hard drive without making a prima facie showing that the information in the transcript is false, incomplete, adulterated, or spoliated.”  The court concluded that without making such a showing, a defendant has no right to obtain a copy of the hard drive.

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Timing is Everything: Court Declines to Impose Spoliation Sanctions where Critical Evidence was Destroyed Before Duty to Preserve Arose

U.S. v. Maxxam, Inc., 2009 WL 817264 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 27, 2009)

In this case, which arose from the joint purchase of the Headwaters Forest by the United States Government and the State of California, plaintiffs moved for sanctions due to the alleged spoliation of “critical” evidence by defendants Maxxam and Hurwitz.  Despite finding that “certain evidence was not preserved,” the court declined to impose spoliation sanctions where there was no evidence that the destruction was intentional and where, at the time of the destruction, there was no duty to preserve.

In the 1990’s, the U.S. Government and the State of California agreed to purchase the Headwaters Forest from Pacific Lumber, which had recently been taken over by defendant Maxxam, Inc., a company controlled by defendant Hurwitz.  As a condition of purchase, Pacific Lumber agreed to develop and implement a sustained yield plan (“SYP”) for its retained properties, subject to approval.  An SYP was prepared by Pacific Lumber’s consulting company, VESTRA, using computer modeling and was eventually approved.  Later, plaintiffs determined that the SYP was fraudulent in many respects and a lawsuit was filed in December 2006.

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Vendor's Mistake Results in Inadvertent Production, Court finds No Waiver

Heriot v. Byrne, 2009 WL 742769 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 20, 2009)

In this declaratory judgment action, the parties sought to settle the issue of copyright ownership over a made-for-television movie called The Secret.  In the course of discovery, due to a mistake by their “document vendor,” plaintiffs inadvertently produced privileged information.  Upon discovery of the inadvertent production, plaintiffs immediately sought to claw back the privileged material.  Defendants resisted, arguing that privilege was waived.  Undertaking an extensive analysis of recently passed FRE 502 and the previously existing tests to determine waiver, the court ruled in favor of plaintiffs and ordered any remaining copies of plaintiffs’ privileged documents in defendants’ possession returned or destroyed.

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Court Grants Plaintiff's Motion to Compel Re-Production of Particular ESI in Light of Discrepancies between Emails and Attachments, Orders Parties to Confer Regarding Request for Access to Hard Drives

White v. Graceland Coll. Ctr. for Prof’l Dev. & Lifelong Learning, Inc., 2009 WL 722056 (D. Kan. Mar. 18, 2009)

In this wrongful termination case, plaintiff discovered discrepancies between certain relevant emails’ sent dates and the creation dates of their attachments. These discrepancies, plaintiff contended, were relevant to the issue of when the decision to terminate her employment was made. Without additional information, however, plaintiff’s forensic expert could not come to a conclusion regarding the meaning of the discrepancies. Accordingly, plaintiff sought the re-production of the emails, in native format, and their attachments from the Outlook accounts of both the sender and the recipient of each email. Plaintiff also sought the production of the relevant PST and OST files and access to the hard drives used to create any of the emails’ attachments. Plaintiff’s motion was granted in part and denied in part.
 

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Finding Defendants' Summaries an Insufficient Discovery Response, Court Grants Motion to Compel and Authorizes Plaintiff to Submit Proposed Hard Drive Inspection Protocol for Court's Consideration

Anthropologie, Inc. v. Forever 21, Inc., 2009 WL 690239 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 13, 2009)

In this copyright infringement case, defendants refused to properly respond to discovery and instead provided summaries of the requested information designated “for settlement purposes only.”  Finding these responses inadequate, and noting defendants numerous misrepresentations to the court, the court granted plaintiff’s motion to compel the production of the data underlying the proffered summaries and for all information responsive to plaintiff’s requests.  However, despite finding inspection of defendants’ hard drives justified, the court declined to order such access where plaintiff had failed to provide any specifics of its proposal and where the court sought to avoid additional delay and expense.  Accordingly, upon receipt of defendants’ ordered production, if it still wished, plaintiff was authorized to submit a proposed inspection process and further explanation of its need for access for consideration by the court.

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Court Declines to "Overturn the Well-Settled Rule in New York" that the Party Seeking Discovery Bears the Cost

T.A. Ahern Contractors Corp. v. Dormitory Auth. of State of N.Y., 875 N.Y.S.2d 862 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2009)

In this breach of contract action, both parties sought to compel the production of requested discovery.  Specifically, plaintiff sought to compel production of defendant’s project-related emails.  Defendant did not object to such production but, because of technological limitations, indicated the need to hire an outside vendor to assist in the production at an estimated cost of $35,000.  Defendant indicated it would begin the process of production, including hiring the vendor, upon plaintiff’s confirmation that it would bear the production costs.  Plaintiff took the position that defendant should bear the costs.  The court agreed with defendant and, citing the “well-settled rule in New York that the party seeking discovery bear the cost incurred in its production,” ordered plaintiff to bear the cost of defendant’s production.  Defendant was likewise ordered to bear plaintiff’s production costs.

Court's Opinion a "Wake-Up Call" About the Need for Careful Deliberation and Cooperation in Crafting Search Terms

William A. Gross. Constr. Assocs., Inc. v. Am. Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co., 256 F.R.D. 134 (S.D.N.Y. 2009)

This case arose from disputes over alleged defects and delay in the construction of the Bronx County Hall of Justice.  In the course of litigation, The Dormitory Authority of New York (“DASNY”) agreed to produce the relevant documents of the non-party construction manager, Hill International (“Hill”).  Disagreement arose amongst the parties, however, regarding appropriate search terms to segregate project related emails from Hill’s unrelated emails.  Hill, despite being in the best position to contribute, suggested no potential search terms and the court was forced into the “uncomfortable position” of crafting a search without adequate information.

Having been put in such a position, the court took its opportunity to write a brief opinion addressing the need for care and collaboration in crafting search terms in light of its assessment that “the message has not gotten through.”  First, the court presented an excerpt from an opinion of Magistrate Judge Paul Grimm, regarding the proper selection and implementation of terms:

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K&L Gates Obtains Ruling Denying Defendant's Motion for Contempt Against Plaintiff's Technical Consultant, and Court Grants Plaintiff's Motion for Sanctions for Deletion of Data during Pendency of Litigation

Technical Sales Assocs., Inc. v. Ohio Star Forge Co., Nos. 07-11745, 08-13365 (E.D. Mich. Mar. 19, 2009)

In this case arising from a dispute over sales commissions, the court denied Defendant Ohio Star Forge Company’s (“OSF’s”) motions for contempt and sanctions and granted plaintiff, Technical Sales Associates, Inc.’s (“TSA”), motion for sanctions for destruction of electronic evidence.  The court concluded that OSF deleted approximately 70,000 files and moved several email folders to the recycling bin despite a duty to preserve relevant evidence.

In July 2007, TSA sought the production of all emails between certain specified persons for the purpose of obtaining a particular email alleged by TSA to exist on OSF’s information system and, specifically, in the e-mailbox of OSF employee Patrick Billups.  Notwithstanding numerous targeted requests for the e-mail, OSF did not produce it.

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Court Finds Failure to Implement Litigation Hold Gross Negligence but Declines to Order Adverse Inference where Plaintiffs Failed to Establish Relevance of the Information Destroyed

ACORN v. County of Nassau, 2009 WL 605859 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 9, 2009)

In this case, plaintiffs moved for an adverse inference instruction alleging that Nassau County failed to timely implement a litigation hold which resulted in the destruction of potentially relevant documents and that it failed to adequately search for potentially responsive electronically stored information (“ESI”).  Finding that plaintiffs did not sufficiently demonstrate that any lost materials would have been favorable to them, the court denied the motion.  However, upon the court’s finding that the County’s failure to implement a timely litigation hold amounted to gross negligence, the court awarded plaintiffs their costs and attorney’s fees.  Regarding the County’s failure to search for relevant ESI, the court declined to award sanctions in light of the County’s assertions that manual searches were undertaken, but ordered the County to confirm that their responses were complete.

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State has Obligation to Provide Defendants "Meaningful Access" to Copies of Seized Hard Drives

State v. Dingman, 202 P.3d 388 (Wash. App. 2009)

On appeal from his conviction for first degree theft and money laundering, Dingman argued that the trial court erred when it denied his repeated discovery requests for meaningful access to the hard drives seized from his house.  The appellate court agreed, and the case was reversed and remanded for a new trial.

On March 19, 2003, officers searched Dingman’s house and seized nine computers.  A detective then created mirror image copies of those computers using a program called EnCase.  Eventually, Dingman was charged with numerous counts of first degree theft and money laundering.

On January 1, 2004 the State provided Dingman with discovery, including a report containing information about the mirror images copies of his computers taken with EnCase.  In August of 2005, Dingman moved for additional discovery, requesting direct access to the computer hard drives or mirror image copies “created in a program used by the defendant’s computer expert.”

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Court Imposes Sanctions on Plaintiff and Counsel, Orders Plaintiff to Provide Access to Database and for Attorney and his Law Firm to Pay Defendant's Costs, Fees, and Expenses

Bray & Gillespie Mgmt. LLC v. Lexington Ins. Co., 2009 WL 546429 (M.D. Fla. Mar. 4, 2009)

This case arises from an insurance dispute following damage to Bray & Gillespie’s (“B&G”) resort properties from Hurricanes Charley, Frances, and Jeanne.  B&G was represented by Anderson, Kill & Olick, P.C. (“AKO”) in connection with the submission of insurance claims for the damage.  B&G, with the assistance of AKO, gathered documents, including electronically stored information (“ESI”) to support those claims.  Relevant ESI was downloaded in its native format, scanned, and loaded to a hard drive (“Target Hard Drive”).  The ESI was then converted to TIFF images using a program called Extractiva, which also captured the metadata from the ESI.  Those images and metadata were then uploaded into the Introspect database and the Target Hard Drive was put in storage.  AKO provided copies of the information to Lexington, in paper form and on discs, in support of B&G’s insurance claims.  Coverage could not be agreed upon, and on February 13, 2007, B&G filed suit.

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Suspicious Timing of Destruction Results in Adverse Inference and Permission to Add a Claim of Exemplary Damages despite Lack of "Smoking Gun"

Smith v. Slifer Smith & Frampton/Vail Assocs. Real Estate, LLC, 2009 WL 482603 (D. Colo. Feb. 25, 2009)

Plaintiffs, as representatives of an estate, retained defendants, including broker Peter Seibert, to assist in selling a piece of the estate’s property.  The property eventually sold, on defendants’ recommendation, for approximately $2.8 million.  83 days later, defendants assisted in reselling the property to a development company for $7.2 million.  On March 19, 2006, plaintiffs’ counsel contacted defendants and informed them he was conducting an investigation into the sale.  On November 2, 2006, plaintiffs filed suit alleging inter alia breach of statutory duties, negligence per se, negligent misrepresentation, and fraud.

Plaintiffs served discovery requests on April 9 and July 30, 2007.  Included, were specific requests for electronically stored information (“ESI”) and for inspection and sampling of certain of defendants’ computers.  Defendants’ responses indicated that they had searched three primary sources of potentially responsive ESI: Seibert’s old office computer, his home computer, and his laptop.

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Court Addresses Tension between Defamation Victim's Rights and First Amendment Protection of Anonymous Internet Speech, Provides Guidance on How to Proceed

Indep. Newspapers, Inc. v. Brodie, 2009 WL 484956 (Md. Feb. 27, 2009)

Finding plaintiff/appellee failed to show a valid cause of action for defamation, the appellate court vacated an order requiring appellant to identify the alleged anonymous defamers and remanded the case for entry of an order granting appellant’s motion to quash.

In this defamation case, plaintiff/appellee Brodie sought to enforce a subpoena to compel the production of the identities of several persons who posted allegedly defamatory statements about the plaintiff, anonymously, on defendant/appellant Independent Newspaper’s (“Independent”) Internet forum.  The circuit court granted Brodie’s motion and ordered Independent to identify the anonymous forum participants.  Independent appealed.  Finding that the circuit court abused its discretion when it denied Independent’s motion for a protective order because “Brodie had not pleaded a valid defamation claim against any of [the anonymous forum participants],” the appellate court vacated the prior judgment and remanded the case with instructions to grant defendant’s motion for a protective order and quash the subpoena. 

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Documents Re-Organized and Stored are No Longer Maintained in "Usual Course of Business," Offer of Inspection Inadequate Discovery Response

Ak-Chin Indian Cmty. v. U.S., 85. Fed. Cl. 397 (Fed. Cl. Jan. 14, 2009)

Ak-Chin Indian Cmty. v. U.S., 2009 WL 320333 (Fed. Cl. Feb 5, 2009) (Denying Defendant’s Motion for Reconsideration but amending prior order in 85 Fed. Cl. 397 to delete certain findings of fact).

In this case, the court granted plaintiff’s motion to compel the defendant to organize and label its responses to plaintiff’s requests for production according to category, and to identify the specific documents from which responses to interrogatories could be derived.

Defendant responded to plaintiff’s discovery requests by making the requested information available for inspection.  The information could allegedly be located by querying a database containing data about the contents of each box stored at a particular location.  Plaintiff objected to defendant’s response and requested the information be organized and labeled according to the categories of its requests.  Finding that the documents offered for inspection were not maintained “in the usual course of business” and thus defendant’s response did not comply with RCFC 34, the court ordered defendant to organize and label the documents as requested by plaintiff.  The court also held that defendant had not met the requirements to properly rely upon RCFC 33(d) in responding to interrogatories where the rule allowed the production of business records as a response only where the burden of ascertaining the answer would be substantially the same for either party.

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Court Considers Zubulake Factors, Denies Defendant's Motion to Shift Cost of OCR Processing

Proctor & Gamble Co. v. S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc., 2009 WL 440543 (E.D. Tex. Feb 19, 2009)

In this case, following the court’s decision that all documents were to be produced electronically in TIFF format with Optical Character Recognition (“OCR”), defendant asserted that the cost of processing the documents should be shifted to the plaintiff.  In support of its assertion, defendant claimed that the cost of conversion to OCR would likely exceed $200,000 and that “it does not itself seek to use the OCR process, and any extra expense would be incurred on it behalf solely for Plaintiff’s convenience.”  Defendant offered no evidence in support of its estimate, however, and the court’s own research indicated the estimated cost appeared to be “somewhat inflated.”  Nor did defendant deny that the OCR process would make the documents easier to examine, thus reducing costs for attorney time.

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Plaintiff Fails to Respond Promptly to Notice of Inadvertent Production, Court Orders Privilege Waived

Brookdale Univ. Hosp. & Med. Ctr., Inc. v. Health Ins. Plan of Greater N.Y., 2009 WL 393644 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 13, 2009)

In this case, the court was asked to reconsider its prior order compelling defendants to return privileged documents inadvertently produced by the plaintiff.  The court declined to overturn its ruling regarding documents specifically identified by the plaintiff as inadvertently produced and addressed by the court’s prior order.  However, as to documents not identified at the time of the order, the court declared any privilege waived.

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Court Dismisses Plaintiffs' Claims as Sanction for Discarding Laptop, Orders Adverse Inference Instruction as to Defendants' Cross-Claims

Kvitka v. Puffin Co., LLC, 2009 WL 385582 (M.D. Pa. Feb. 13, 2009)

Finding plaintiff intentionally discarded her laptop despite a duty to preserve it, the court ordered dismissal of her claims and an adverse inference instruction as to defendants’ cross-claims.

After years of advertising in defendants’ magazine, plaintiff Kvitka, an antique doll dealer, received notice that defendants were terminating her right to advertise because of complaints about her business practices, including that she disparaged other advertisers and dealers. In the parties’ subsequent discussions, defendants revealed their possession of a file containing several complaints about Kvitka as well as 15 pages of emails, written by her, in which she disparaged other advertisers.

Unable to resolve the conflict out of court, Kvitka filed suit.  In the course of discovery, it was revealed that despite Kvitka’s counsel’s receipt of correspondence from defendants specifically requesting preservation of Kvitka’s computer and emails, Kvitka had nonetheless discarded her laptop.

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Recognizing Broader Restrictions on Third-Party Discovery, Court Denies Plaintiff's Fifth Motion to Compel Mirror Image of Computers

Mintel Int’l Group, Ltd. v. Neerghen, 2009 WL 249227 (N.D. Ill. Feb. 3, 2009)

In this case, the plaintiff, Mintel International Group Limited (“Mintel”), alleged that defendant Neerghen violated the Illinois Trade Secrets Act, the Computer Fraud Abuse Act, and various terms of his employment contract when he emailed confidential Mintel documents to his personal account and subsequently accepted employment with Mintel’s competitor, Datamonitor. Throughout the course of litigation, five motions to compel were filed seeking a mirror image of third-party Datamonitor’s computers.  All of those motions were denied.

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A Promise Made is a Promise Kept: Court Holds Party to Its Promise and Orders Re-Production in Native Format but Orders Requesting Party to Bear the Cost

In re Classicstar Mare Lease Litig., 2009 WL 260954 (E.D. Ky. Feb. 2, 2009)

In this case, despite prior production in accordance with the Federal Rules, the court enforced a promise to produce in native format but ordered the requesting party to bear the costs.

This matter came before the court on the motion of GeoStar Corporation for relief from the court’s order requiring it to produce financial information in its native format.  Plaintiffs originally requested financial information from GeoStar “as they are kept in the usual course of business” or organized and labeled in a manner prescribed.  GeoStar objected, but the court ultimately entered orders requiring production.  The orders did not specify the format of production.

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Despite Alleged Inadvertence of Production, Court Finds Privilege Waived Absent Evidence of Reasonable Precautions

SEC v. Badian, 2009 WL 222783 (S.D.N.Y Jan. 26, 2009)

In this case, Rhino Investors, Inc. (“Rhino”), a non-party, sought to claw back approximately 260 documents that it claimed were inadvertently produced in 2003 in the midst of an SEC investigation.  The court, applying the four factors set forth in Louis Sportswear, U.S.A., Inc. v. Levi Strauss & Co., 104 F.R.D. 103, 105 (S.D.N.Y. 1985) and its progeny, concluded that Rhino had waived any privilege it may have asserted.

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Rejecting Arguments Regarding "Transitory Nature" of Data and Server Limitations, Court Finds Defendants Failed to Preserve Evidence in Bad Faith, Orders Adverse Inference and other Sanctions

Arista Records, LLC v. Usenet.com Inc., 2009 WL 185992 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 26, 2009)

Upon finding that defendants acted in bad faith to deliberately destroy relevant evidence despite a duty to preserve, the court imposed severe sanctions.

Defendant Usenet.com, operated by defendant Gerald Reynolds, is a commercial Usenet provider.  Usenet is a “network of loosely connected computer servers that share message traffic for discussions.”  Users are able to upload content to the system and download content from other users’ postings. Postings to Usenet are known as “articles.”  “Articles” are organized into “newsgroups” – including Music Groups.  In this case, “Plaintiffs contend that Defendants provided their subscribers access to hundreds of music piracy newsgroups containing vast amounts of infringing digital music files copyrighted by Plaintiffs.”

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"Like any Ordinary Litigant, the Government Must Abide by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure"

S.E.C. v. Collins & Aikman Corp., 2009 WL 94311 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 13, 2009)

In this case, arising from claims of securities fraud, the court addressed questions concerning the government’s discovery obligations in civil discovery.  Throughout discovery in the case, several disputes arose regarding the SEC’s production of documents and its failure to perform sufficiently thorough searches for the requested information.  Following extensive analysis of the individual issues, the court ultimately concluded that “[w]hen a government agency initiates litigation, it must be prepared to follow the same discovery rules that govern private parties…”

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Finding Metadata is Not a Public Record Pursuant to Arizona Public Records Law, Court Declines to Compel Production

Lake v. City of Phoenix, 207 P.3d 725 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2009)

In this case, the Arizona Court of Appeals upheld a superior court ruling denying plaintiff’s motion to compel production of metadata associated with documents previously produced pursuant to Arizona’s Public Records Law.

In late 2006, after filing an Equal Employment Opportunity Complaint against the city, plaintiff submitted a series of public records requests.  The city’s subsequent production contained hard copy versions of electronic documents responsive to his request for all notes “documenting supervisory performance” within the relevant time frame.  Plaintiff suspected the notes had been backdated and requested production of the metadata associated with each document.  The city refused arguing that the requested metadata was “not maintained by the city and was not available,” and that metadata was not a public record.  In response, plaintiff brought a special action before the district court. Finding it lacked jurisdiction to hear the matter, the superior court denied plaintiff’s motion to compel.  Plaintiff appealed, and the appellate court affirmed the superior court’s ruling denying the production of metadata.

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Court Enforces Agreement Regarding Search Terms and Production of Disaster-Recovery Backup Tapes; Holds Third-Party in Contempt Despite $6 Million In "Extensive Efforts to Comply"

In re Fannie Mae Sec. Litig., 552 F.3d 814 (D.C. Cir. 2009)

In this case, the district court held defendants had sole authority to dictates search terms, per stipulated order, and sanctioned a third-party for failure to timely produce documents, despite significant efforts to comply with the deadline.  The Court of Appeals affirmed.

Individual defendants served a third-party subpoena on The Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (“OFHEO”), requesting production of over 30 categories of documents.  The court denied OFHEO’s subsequent motion to quash, and entered an order directing compliance.

The defendants then agreed to limit the requests for electronically stored information to emails stored on OFHEO’s network and backup tapes.  After the court granted several requests for an extension of time to comply, OFHEO finally produced what it represented were “all” relevant materials.  However, defendants later discovered that OFHEO failed to search all of its off-site disaster-recovery backup tapes.

Despite OFHEO’s voluntary agreement to conduct a search of these tapes, defendants moved to hold OFHEO in contempt.  Following a day of hearings on the issue, the parties entered into a stipulated order holding the contempt motions in abeyance and requiring OFHEO to conduct searches of its disaster-recovery back-up tapes and to produce those documents, as well as a privilege log, by a date certain.  Thereafter, a dispute arose requiring the court’s clarification that the stipulated order gave sole discretion to specify search terms to the defendants.  Despite OFHEO’s attempts to comply with the order, it indicated its inability to timely produce the required privilege logs.  Accordingly, defendants renewed their contempt motion.  The motion was granted and, as a sanction, OFHEO was ordered to produce a category of privileged material to defendants’ counsel for review, with the specific instruction that such production would not waive privilege.  OFHEO appealed.

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Destruction of Documents Pursuant to Document Retention Policy Results in Dispositive Sanctions Where Policy was Created as Part of Litigation Strategy and Thus Litigation was Reasonably Foreseeable

Micron Tech., Inc. v. Rambus, Inc., 255 F.R.D. 135 (D. Del. 2009)

In this case arising from Micron’s alleged infringement of Rambus’ patents, a bench trial was held on the issue of Rambus’ alleged spoliation of relevant documents pursuant to a document retention policy it had recently implemented.  The court ruled that Rambus had intentionally spoliated documents in bad faith.  As a sanction, the court declared the patents in suit unenforceable against Micron.

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"Since Both Parties Went Through the Same Stop Sign...They Both Should Pay for the Crash": Court Orders Parties to Split Cost of Privilege Review

Covad Comm. Co. v. Revonet, Inc., 254 F.R.D. 147 (D.D.C. 2008)

In this case arising from claims of misappropriation and conversion of trade secret information, plaintiff filed a motion to compel following a disagreement regarding the proper format of production of electronically stored information.  The defendant argued that because the plaintiff failed to specify a format of production, hard copy or .TIFF images were appropriate.  The plaintiff insisted on production in native format.  The court, indicating its displeasure with both parties, ordered production of the documents in their native format, but ordered the parties to split the cost of the necessary privilege review.

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Court Enforces Clawback Agreement, Denies Motion to Compel

Bro-Tech Corp. v. Thermax, Inc., 2008 WL 5210346 (E.D. Pa. Dec. 11, 2008)

On the eve of trial in this case in which plaintiffs alleged trade secret theft, the court granted an extension “on urgent party request” so that additional discovery could be accomplished.  The discovery proved to be complex, and the court appointed a special master to manage the electronic discovery issues.  Thereafter, the parties negotiated a stipulation, approved by the court, which included a clawback procedure (“the Clawback Agreement”) to handle the return of privileged documents.  The Clawback Agreement provided that in the event of disclosure of a privileged document, the document was to be returned upon written demand.  If the recipient of the document wished to challenge the privilege claim, they were required to do so in writing, within five days of receipt of the demand for the document’s return.  The special master would then resolve the dispute following an in camera review.

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Washington Adopts Test for Determining Waiver by Inadvertent Disclosure, Finds Attorney-Client Privilege Waived

Sitterson v. Evergreen School Dist., 2008 WL 4981630 (Wash. Ct. App. Nov. 25, 2008)

In this case, plaintiff brought suit against the defendant, a school district (“the District”), for breach of contract and quantum meruit following termination of his contract as a financial advisor.  About one month after filing suit, plaintiff served his requests for production.  In response, the District produced approximately 439 pages of documents, including four confidential letters between the District and its attorney regarding the litigation.  Three years later and ten days before trial, plaintiff sent copies of his proposed exhibits to the District, including the four confidential letters.  The District objected to their admission on the first day of trial, arguing that they were protected by attorney-client privilege.  In response to a question from the trial court regarding his role in the production of the letters, the attorney for the District responded that the letters did “go through” him and he stated, “…I guess I just wasn’t thorough enough.”  The trial court denied the District’s motion to exclude. Eventually, the jury awarded plaintiff $151,000.

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Court Declines to Order Re-production in Electronic Format; Finds No Waiver of Privilege from Inadvertent Disclosure

Laethem Equip. Co. v. Deere & Co., 2008 WL 4997932 (E.D. Mich. Nov. 21, 2008)

In this case involving breach of contract and other claims, the court ordered the defendant to return inadvertently produced, privileged, electronically stored information (“ESI”) to the plaintiffs, and ordered the parties to secure all relevant ESI in their possession and file a written outline of the secured data (“data log”) with opposing counsel and the court.  Upon receipt of plaintiffs’ data log, defendant filed a motion to compel the production of all of the data outlined therein, to compel an explanation regarding allegedly spoliated, missing, or altered documents, for an order that all privilege as to the inadvertently produced documents had been waived as a result of plaintiffs’ “misconduct”, and for a finding that plaintiffs were in violation of the civil rules and a prior order of the court, among other things.  Some of these issues were referred to the magistrate judge for hearing and determination with all other issues reserved for a future hearing.

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Court Addresses Production of Metadata in Great Detail and Grants Production of Some but Not All Data Sought

Aguilar v. Immigration & Customs Enforcement Div. of U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 255 F.R.D. 350 (S.D.N.Y. 2008)

In this class action case alleging unlawful searches and seizures of plaintiffs’ homes, a discovery dispute arose regarding the production of metadata.  The court granted in part and denied in part plaintiffs’ request for the production of metadata for several types of electronically stored information (“ESI”) including email, word and excel documents, and databases.

On January 18, 2008, the parties agreed to undertake some discovery despite defendants’ pending motion to dismiss.  About that time, defendants began to collect relevant materials from its employees.  Plaintiffs served their first requests for production on February 15, 2008 but failed to address the form of production or metadata.  The issue was first mentioned by plaintiffs on March 18, 2008 but only “in passing.”  By this time, defendants had completed most of their collection efforts.  On March 22, 2008 plaintiffs requested the production of emails and other ESI in Tagged Imaged File Format (“TIFF”) with corresponding load files containing metadata fields and extracted text and that spreadsheets and databases be produced in native format.  The parties conferred on July 1, 2008 to discuss the format of production of ICE’s hierarchical databases.  On July 14, 2008, defendants objected to the production of ESI in the forms requested by plaintiffs on the grounds of relevance and burden, and proposed production in the form of searchable PDF instead.  Defendants also stated they would provide metadata for a particular document only where plaintiffs could demonstrate its relevance to their claims.  Despite several attempts, the parties were unable to reach agreement.  Thus, it fell to the court to address plaintiffs’ requests.

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Applying Evidence Rule 502 and Five Factor Test, Court Determines No Waiver

Rhoads Indus., Inc. v. Bldg. Materials Corp. of Am., 254 F.R.D. 216 (E.D. Pa. 2008)

In this breach of contract case, plaintiff Rhoads Industries, inadvertently produced over eight hundred privileged, electronic documents.  Defendants filed a motion to deem the claim of privilege waived arguing that plaintiff’s production was careless, that its response in seeking the return of the documents was delayed, and that it failed to produce complete and accurate privilege logs as to those documents.

In February 2007, Rhoads began preparing for its anticipated litigation against Building Materials Corporation of America.  Realizing the likelihood of extensive electronic discovery, Rhoads directed its IT consultant to research software to assist with the electronic discovery effort.  The IT consultant eventually purchased Discovery Attender (or “Sherpa”) to perform the necessary electronic data searches.  Shortly thereafter, the IT consultant and his team began work to identify locations of potentially relevant information.

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Court Reverses Order Denying Sanctions and Remands Case for Reconsideration Where Plaintiff Hired Expert to "Fix" Computer but Failed to Inform Expert of Ongoing Duty to Preserve and Evidence was Destroyed

Barnett v. Simmons, 197 P.3d 12, 2008 OK 100 (2008)

In this case, plaintiff Barnett sued defendant Rock Oil Company seeking unpaid oil royalties allegedly owed to him.  Discovery in the case established that plaintiff maintained files on his computer related to his claims against Rock Oil. Accordingly, Rock Oil sought production of plaintiff’s hard drive.  Plaintiff objected, but the parties attempted to reach agreement as to how to accomplish production.  No agreement was reached.  Rock Oil filed a motion to compel and the court granted the motion.  Although the parties were then able to agree on a neutral examiner, the plaintiff dismissed his claims prior to the examination, but expressed his intent to re-file within three months.

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In Ongoing Sanctions Dispute, Protective Order Limits Access to and Uses For Production, and Clarifies No Waiver by Production Pursuant to Self-Defense Exception

Qualcomm Inc. v. Broadcom Corp., 2008 WL 4858685 (S.D. Cal. Nov. 7, 2008)

At trial in this case, Broadcom made an oral motion for sanctions related to Qualcomm’s failure to disclose documents corroborating its participation in the Joint Video Team (“JVT”), a standards body related to video coding specifications.  Qualcomm’s claimed lack of participation in the JVT was a core element of its claims for patent infringement against Broadcom.  Judge Brewster referred the discovery aspects of that motion to Magistrate Judge Major and then issued an Order on Remedy for Finding of Waiver based on his determination that Qualcomm’s attorneys had participated in a sequence of discovery misconduct throughout the litigation process.  However, because those attorneys had not had an opportunity to be heard before the order was issued impugning their behavior and in order to afford them an opportunity to be heard on the potential imposition of attorney sanctions, the court issued an Order to Show Cause Why Sanctions Should not be Imposed.

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Miscommunication about Search Terms Leads to Defendants' Refusal to Produce Thousands of Documents, Court Declines to Compel Production without Showing of Some Benefit to Plaintiff

Ross v. Abercrombie & Fitch Co., 2008 WL 4758678 (S.D. Ohio Oct. 27, 2008)

In this securities case, the parties reached agreement that discovery was best accomplished by allowing Abercrombie to perform keyword searches to identify relevant information for production.  Plaintiff identified and provided the key words to the defendant.

The first key words list contained 120 terms.  After efforts to ensure the search would be productive, including converting certain files to a different format, Abercrombie ran the search. There were many hits.  To reduce the volume, plaintiffs crafted a revised list of 123 terms.  Another search was run and when the results came in, the parties agreed that some data sets from among the results would be reviewed and produced.  Abercrombie produced those documents.  The parties also agreed that further refinements of the search would be necessary to cut down the remaining results.  Accordingly, plaintiff’s counsel sent 6 additional terms to Abercrombie to be run in proximity to other specified terms. 

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Finding Defendants' Proposed Search Protocol "Fundamentally Misguided," Court Creates Own and Orders Search of "Any Depository" that May Contain the Information Sought

D'Onofrio v. SFX Sports Group, Inc., 254 F.R.D. 129 (D.D.C. Oct. 2008)

In this gender discrimination case, the court held an evidentiary hearing to address plaintiff’s concerns regarding outstanding discovery.  Plaintiff claimed that defendants had destroyed her former computer, which contained potentially relevant information, and had not produced all of the electronic information she requested.  At the hearing, a representative of the defendants explained that plaintiff’s computer was “scrapped after he decided that it could not be used and also searched for items requested by plaintiff.”  A representative also testified regarding additional searches performed to respond to plaintiff’s requests and explained the “Legato system,” a server which held a back up of plaintiff’s mailbox from 2004, made under order of the Justice Department in a separate matter.  Defendants agreed to allow plaintiff’s expert to perform an in-person search of their servers, but the parties were unable to agree upon a protocol to guide that search.

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Magistrate Judge Recommends Default Judgment in Favor of Plaintiffs and for Defendants to Pay "All Reasonable Costs" Related to Discovery Dispute

Gutman v. Klein, 2008 WL 4682208 (E.D.N.Y. Oct 15, 2008)

In this case arising from accusations of fraud, among other things, plaintiffs moved for spoliation sanctions against the defendants to include default judgment, reimbursement of plaintiffs’ attorney’s fees and costs incurred as a result of the discovery dispute, and punitive monetary sanctions.  Specifically, plaintiffs alleged egregious spoliation of defendant Klein’s laptop.  Suspicion of spoliation initially arose when Klein resisted the court’s order to allow his laptop and other computers to be copied, and was later exacerbated because when the laptop was finally produced it was “hot to the touch and a screw was missing from its hard drive enclosure.”  In light of these facts, the court appointed a forensic expert to examine the evidence for spoliation and provide a detailed report.

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Court Orders Production of Relevant Source Code Citing Defendant's Suggestion for Mitigating Costs

Metavante Corp. v. Emigrant Savings Bank, 2008 WL 4722336 (E.D. Wis. Oct. 24, 2008)

In this breach of contract case, Emigrant filed several motions to compel Metavante’s response to multiple discovery requests.  One motion sought the production of source code from the product delivered to Emigrant under the parties’ technology outsourcing agreement.  Under the agreement, Metavante was to provide Emigrant with an online direct banking product called EmigrantDirect.

Emigrant argued that access to the source code may provide information about the quality of the product and was therefore relevant and properly discoverable.  Metavante argued that its production would be unduly burdensome because it would cost over $300,000 and take over 5,000 hours to produce.  Metavante also argued that the code would provide little relevant information.  Emigrant responded arguing that Metavante’s estimates assumed a need to sort and compile all of the information before disclosing it and suggested it could mitigate the cost to Metavante by providing the code to outside consultants for inspection and a determination regarding relevance.  The court found that the source code was relevant and, citing Emigrant’s offer to use outside consultants, found that “[i]n balancing the value of the source code against the burden of producing it…the potential value outweighs the burden.”  The court also noted that any confidentiality concerns were addressed by its previously issued protective order.

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Recognizing Danger of Loss, Court Orders Expedited Discovery Including Copying of Defendants' Hard Drives

Allcare Dental Mgmt., LLC v. Zrinyi, DDS, 2008 WL 4649131 (D. Idaho Oct. 20, 2008)

In this defamation case, plaintiffs sought an order allowing expedited discovery.  Specifically, plaintiffs sought permission to serve a subpoena duces tecum upon Cable One, Inc., an Internet service provider and non-party to the action, for information related to the claims in the case and the potential identification of Doe Defendants.  Plaintiffs also sought an order allowing them to take images of the hard drives of any computer owned or used by the named defendants for the preservation of electronically stored information related to the claims in the case and the potential identification of Doe Defendants.

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Court Declines to Require Plaintiff to Designate Specifically Confidential Portions of Documents during Discovery where Entire Document does not Rise to that Level

Containment Tech. Group, Inc. v. Am. Soc’y of Health Sys. Pharmacists, 2008 WL 4545310 (S.D. Ind. Oct. 10, 2008)

In this defamation case, the parties disagreed over the scope of a protective order sought by plaintiff prior to production of proprietary information, among other things.  The parties attempted to negotiate the terms of such an order, but could not agree on several issues, including whether only portions of documents should be designated as “confidential” if the entire document did not rise to that level.  Under the parties’ proposed terms, materials designated “confidential” would have automatically been sealed if filed with the court.

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Court Highlights Cooperation Requirements of Discovery under Rule 26, Rules Objections Waived for Failure to Be Specific, and Orders Meet and Confer to Resolve Remaining Disputes

Mancia v. Mayflower Textile Servs. Co., 253 F.R.D. 354 (D. Md. 2008)

In this employment case, plaintiffs filed several motions to compel supplemental responses to their extensive discovery requests after defendants allegedly failed to adequately respond.  The case was eventually referred to Chief United States Magistrate Judge Paul Grimm for the purpose of resolving all of the discovery disputes.

In the initial review of defendants’ objections to the requests, the court noted “an obvious violation” of Federal Rule 33(b)(4) and “facially apparent violations” of Federal Rule 33(b)(2) which require that objections to interrogatories and requests for production be laid out with specificity or else they are waived.  Moreover, the court suggested that the defendants’ failure to be particular in their objections “suggested a probable violation” of Federal Rule 26(g)(1) which requires a reasonable inquiry prior to objecting to an interrogatory or document request.  Accordingly, the court scheduled a hearing to address the issues.

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Defendants Admit Destruction or Loss but Claim Good Faith, Court Denies Motion for Preservation Order and Spoliation Inquiry

Almarri v. Gates, 2008 WL 4449858 (D.S.C. Oct. 2, 2008)

In this case challenging conditions of his confinement, plaintiff sought an order directing the government to preserve evidence and an inquiry into the government’s destruction and other spoliation of evidence.  Specifically, the plaintiff alleged that the government had destroyed relevant materials related to his detention, including recordings, and that the government had no uniform policy for preserving detainee interrogation recordings.   Therefore, a preservation order was necessary to prevent further spoliation.  The government maintained that such an order was unwarranted in light of the multiple preservation directives issued to ensure that evidence related to the plaintiff was preserved.

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Finding "No Reason to Treat Websites Differently than Other Electronic Files," Court Grants Adverse Inference for Failure to Preserve Website

Arteria Prop. Pty Ltd. v. Universal Funding V.T.O., Inc., 2008 WL 4513696 (D.N.J. Oct. 1, 2008) (Not for Publication)

In this case arising from failed negotiations for a long term development loan, the plaintiff filed a motion for spoliation sanctions and sought an adverse inference in its favor.  Specifically, plaintiff alleged spoliation of the contents of the defendants’ website as it existed at the time the dispute between the parties arose, and of a particular letter from the Bank of New York.

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Court Denies Protective Order, Orders Allegedly Proprietary Data Produced Directly to Competitor

In re NVMS, LLC, 2008 WL 4488963 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. Mar. 21, 2008)

In this case, the debtor, a medical services company, moved for expedited discovery of information contained in the database of a former billing partner.  In July of 2000, the debtor contracted with MBP to handle the debtor’s billing.  In February 2008, the debtor stopped doing business with MBP and started using Practice Resources Network, Inc. (PRN).  After switching, the debtor requested that MBP provide the debtor with a copy of its billing data so the debtor could determine the status of its claims. MBP refused.  Soon after filing for bankruptcy in March 2008, the debtor filed an expedited motion seeking copies of this data from MBP.  MBP objected and filed a motion for a protective order.

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Court Allows Subpoena Seeking Inspection of Plaintiff's Mother's Laptop, but Orders Defendant to Prepare Search Protocol and Pay Her Reasonable Costs

Hoover v. Fla. Hydro, Inc., 2008 WL 4467661 (E.D. La. 2008)

In this breach of contract case, Hoover moved to quash subpoenas issued by defendant to two non-parties:  Hoover’s mother and Hoover’s former roommate. The subpoena issued to Hoover’s mother requested inspection of her laptop or any electronic storage device “for documents copied, sent to, or received by her son” related to several entities, including the defendant.  The subpoena issued to the former roommate, Sanghani, also sought inspection of his laptop computer and any other electronic storage device or computer “that has any responsive documents.”  The subpoena further requested documents, “whether in paper form or electronically submitted,” between Hoover and Sanghani that referred to specific persons or topics.

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Court Orders Forensic Examination of Defendants' Business and Home Computers, Articulating 20-Step Protocol

Koosharem Corp. v. Spec Personnel, LLC, 2008 WL 4458864 (D.S.C. Sept. 29, 2008)

In this breach of contract case, plaintiffs alleged that defendants wrongfully obtained and used confidential information from former employee, Kenneth Fuston, who went to work for the defendants.  Specifically, plaintiffs alleged that defendants used the information to hire approximately 20 of plaintiffs’ employees, open new offices in eight cities, and embark upon a new line of business in competition with plaintiffs.  Plaintiffs moved to compel production of computers believed to contain information related to those claims.  The court had previously granted a motion to compel and ordered defendants to produce emails to or from any current or former employee or customer of the plaintiff found on Fuston’s home computer and documents reflecting communication with the defendant and certain former employees of the plaintiff. Defendants produced 1,936 pages of email.  Believing the production was incomplete, plaintiffs brought a second motion to compel. 

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Court Orders Party to Explain How Documents Produced in Digital Format Were Ordinarily Maintained

Pass & Seymour, Inc. v. Hubbell Inc., 2008 WL 4240490 (N.D.N.Y. Sept. 12, 2008)

In this patent infringement case, the court addressed the issue of whether, in response to 72 separate document requests, the plaintiff's production in digital format of 405,367 pages of documents, apportioned among 202 unlabeled folders and which through application of litigation support software could be made text searchable, but was otherwise neither organized to correlate to the document demands nor in any fashion indexed or labeled to reflect how they were maintained in the ordinary course of plaintiff's business, satisfied the responding party's obligations under Rule 34 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.  Plaintiff asserted that, pursuant to FRCP 34, it had produced the documents in the manner in which they were maintained in the ordinary course of business and therefore need not indicate to which request the documents were responsive.  In support of its position, plaintiff offered only the statement of an attorney indicating that the documents had been assembled as they had been maintained.

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Court Denies Relief Where Party Ignored Court's Suggestions for Reducing Volume of ESI Captured by Keyword Search: "Defendants Must Now Lie in the Bed that They Have Made"

Kipperman v. Onex Corp., 2008 WL 4372005 (N.D. Ga. Sept. 19, 2008)

In this case, Onex presented several motions to the court, including a motion for a protective order and for relief from the need to produce all documents identified after searching several backup tapes.  The court denied in part and granted in part Onex’s motion, and ordered Onex to produce all identified documents, except for two specific categories deemed unlikely to contain relevant information.

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Reserving Judgment on Spoliation Pending Supplemental Briefing, Court Demands Answers to Eight Specific Questions

Dong Ah Tire & Rubber Co., Ltd. v. Glasforms, Inc., 2008 WL 4298331 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 19, 2008)

In this breach of contract litigation over allegedly non-conforming goods, Glasforms moved for sanctions against third-party defendant Taishan Fiberglass for the spoliation and destruction of documents.  Taishan had previously been ordered to produce a knowledgeable and fully prepared witness or witnesses to testify about ten topics not adequately addressed in the prior Rule 30(b)(6) deposition.  In addition, Taishan was ordered to search for and produce all documents responsive to Glasform’s requests for production, including relevant internal email communications. 

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State Court Rejects Appeal of Discovery Order Requiring Production of "Broken" Computers

Law Office of Douglas T. Harris, Esq. v. Philadelphia Waterfront Partners, LP, 957 A.2d 1223, 2008 Pa. Super. 222 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2008)

In this case involving breach of fiduciary duty and related claims, plaintiff had requested the production of certain email and documents maintained on the computers of two individual defendants.  When defendants failed to produce the requested material, plaintiff moved to compel. At the hearing on the motion, defense counsel informed the court that the two computers were inoperable and that technicians were currently working on the computers.  The court pressed defense counsel for an explanation of how the computers were broken, and observed that plaintiff was entitled to the information that had been requested.  When the court asked defense counsel what order it should enter, defense counsel responded:  “We can produce the computers.”  After the court entered its order, defendants appealed.

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Court Orders Defendant to Re-Produce Documents Previously Produced as TIFF Images, Setting Out Three Format of Production Options

Goodbys Creek, LLC v. Arch Ins. Co., 2008 WL 4279693 (M.D. Fla. Sept. 15, 2008)

In this case involving the alleged breach of a performance bond, the court considered plaintiff’s motion to compel and for sanctions.  Among other things, plaintiff requested that defendant be ordered to re-produce, in native format, documents previously produced as TIFF images.  The court granted only that portion of the motion, and gave the defendant three options for its re-production:  (1) provide any documents previously supplied as TIFF images in their native format, (2) provide the documents in another comparably searchable format, or (3) supply plaintiff with software for searching the TIFF images.

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Adverse Inference Instruction Warranted Where Spoliation Claim Supported by Credible Arguments, Witnesses and Evidence

Babaev v. Grossman, 2008 WL 4185703 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 8, 2008)

In this case, plaintiffs claimed that they were fraudulently induced to invest in defendant’s catering businesses, and sought to inspect defendants’ business records.  Plaintiffs moved for an extension of time to complete their inspection, and also requested sanctions.  They claimed that defendants had engaged in spoliation of evidence and willful refusal to produce documents, and also noted defendants' “belated” claim that their computer had been lost or misplaced and that many reports and records were unavailable for that reason.  Defendants argued that the “lost” computer had been kept at defendant’s prior place of work, and that when it was retrieved the files had been corrupted and could not be accessed.  Defendants asserted that the computer had been discarded prior to the lawsuit.

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Adverse Inference and Other Sanctions Warranted for Plaintiff's Failure to Produce Damaging Emails that were Eventually Produced by Third Party

Metrokane, Inc. v. Built NY, Inc., 2008 WL 4185865 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 3, 2008)

In this patent infringement litigation, BNY sought sanctions on the grounds that Metrokane failed to produce a series of emails said to be highly damaging to Metrokane's case.  BNY argued that the recent discovery of the existence of these emails through production by a non-party came too late to permit BNY to pursue otherwise crucial discovery concerning these communications.  Metrokane contended that BNY failed to comply with various procedural requirements before filing the motion, and that it had not demonstrated any misconduct by Metrokane or any prejudice.  Magistrate Judge Michael H. Dolinger rejected Metrokane’s procedural defense, and concluded that BNY sufficiently demonstrated discovery misconduct by Metrokane and resulting prejudice.  Accordingly, the court granted a variety of remedies, including an adverse inference instruction.

Discovery in the case closed in June 2007, but disputes about Metrokane’s performance let to additional motion practice, including the enforcement of a deposition subpoena to the alleged designer of the infringing handbags (Mr. Kilduff).  The court granted BNY’s motion to compel the deposition of Mr. Kilduff in October 2007, and his deposition and production of documents occurred in November 2007.

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Failure to Preserve Key Player's Email and Interview Transcripts Warrants Adverse Inference Instruction, but not Default Judgment

Nursing Home Pension Fund v. Oracle Corp., 2008 WL 4093497 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 2, 2008)

In this class action securities litigation, plaintiffs sought sanctions based on alleged evidence spoliation by defendants.  Plaintiffs moved for terminating sanctions or, in the alternative, for lesser sanctions in the form of adverse inference instructions and an order precluding defendants from relying on spoliated evidence.  Plaintiffs submitted a long list of actions allegedly taken by defendants that led to the failure to preserve or the affirmative destruction of evidence relevant to this lawsuit.

District Judge Susan Illston declined to impose terminating sanctions because the actions alleged to have been taken by defendants did not “eclipse entirely the possibility of a just result.”  The court found that plaintiffs had not demonstrated the degree of prejudice necessary to warrant terminating sanctions, primarily because plaintiffs had received a large quantity of materials in discovery.  In addition, the court noted that public policy strongly favored deciding the case on its merits, and that less drastic sanctions could be imposed that would permit a decision on the merits while also ensuring that defendants did not benefit from any spoliation.

As to lesser sanctions, the court found that adverse inferences in plaintiffs' favor were warranted with regard to some categories of evidence that defendants had conceded was not produced or preserved.

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Defendant to Make "All Possible Efforts" to Produce Email from Personal Yahoo! Account; Failure to Timely Identify Account Warrants Sanctions

Infinite Energy, Inc. v. Thai Heng Chang, 2008 WL 4098329 (N.D. Fla. Aug. 29, 2008)

In this breach of employment agreement and misappropriation of trade secrets case, plaintiff moved to compel production of emails from defendant’s personal Yahoo! account.  Plaintiff contended that it only recently learned of the account, and that defendant should have disclosed the account in response to an earlier discovery request.  Plaintiff argued that emails from the account contained highly relevant information crucial to the issues in the case.

Although defendant claimed he could not produce the emails because they had been destroyed by Yahoo!, he offered only a copy of a generic response from Yahoo! about deactivating accounts.  The court observed that Yahoo! may have a process for obtaining emails from deactivated accounts, and declined to accept defendant’s explanation that production was “impossible,” particularly given the important evidentiary value of the emails and the “feeble offering” by defendant in support of the contention.

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Defendant's "Brazen Destruction of Evidence" Warrants Default Judgment

Atlantic Recording Corp. v. Howell, 2008 WL 4080008 (D. Ariz. Aug. 29, 2008)

In this copyright infringement litigation, seven major recording companies alleged that defendant Howell had used the KaZaA file-sharing program to download their sound recordings and distribute them to other users of the network.  Howell had previously resisted plaintiffs’ efforts to conduct a forensic examination of his computer hard drive, and the court had granted plaintiffs’ motion to compel and granted leave to take additional discovery.  With the benefit of this additional discovery, plaintiffs moved for terminating sanctions based on Howell's willful spoliation of material evidence.

Based on the evidence presented, the court found that:

•  Defendant removed the KaZaA program from his computer and deleted the contents of the shared folder shortly after receiving notice of the lawsuit

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Avoiding Question of Whether Third-Party's Compliance with Subpoena Might Violate Stored Communications Act, Court Instructs Plaintiff to Serve Rule 34 Request for Production Instead

Flagg v. City of Detroit, 252 F.R.D. 346 (E.D. Mich. 2008)

In an earlier decision in this case, the court denied defendants’ motion to quash subpoenas to SkyTel for the production of text messages.  The court found that plaintiff was entitled to pursue the production of certain text messages sent or received by specified officials or employees of the City (some of whom were also named as individual defendants in the suit) during specified time frames, using text messaging devices supplied by SkyTel.  The court observed that the relevance (and hence discoverability) of the text messages necessarily turned upon the content of the communications.  Thus, it was essential to establish a procedure for the review of the content of each such communication, for determining both relevance and the application of any privilege.  The court appointed two magistrate judges to review the communications and make the initial determination as to which were discoverable.  Our post on that March 20, 2008 order is available here.

In this recent decision, the court ruled upon motions by the City and one of the individual defendants seeking to prevent the discovery from going forward.  The moving defendants argued that the federal Stored Communications Act (“SCA”), 18 U.S .C. § 2701 et seq., wholly precludes the production in civil litigation of electronic communications stored by a non-party service provider.  The court rejected this proposed reading of the SCA, observing that “[d]efendants’ position, if accepted, would dramatically alter discovery practice, in a manner clearly not contemplated by the existing rules or law, by permitting a party to defeat the production of electronically stored information created by that party and still within its control – information that plainly is subject to civil discovery, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 34(a)(1) – through the simple expedient of storing it with a third party.”  The court concluded that, because nothing in the plain language of the SCA requires this extraordinary result, and because defendants had not identified any other support for this proposition, the discovery effort contemplated in its March 20, 2008 opinion could go forward (albeit through slightly different means).

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Magistrate Judge Imposes Monetary Sanctions and Recommends Adverse Inference Instruction, but not Dismissal, for "Reckless and Egregious Discovery Misconduct"

Keithley v. Home Store.com, Inc., 2008 WL 3833384 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 12, 2008)

In this patent infringement case, plaintiffs sought terminating, evidentiary and monetary sanctions based upon defendants' spoliation of evidence.  Plaintiffs argued that defendants had destroyed three types of evidence:  (1) source code; (2) early architectural, design and implementation documents; and (3) reports.  Plaintiffs contended that the spoliation of these materials impacted plaintiffs' ability to meet their burden of proving infringement.

The court held several hearings and received extensive briefing on the spoliation issue, which the court observed “became a moving target because of Defendants' belated production of evidence that it had previously stated was either nonexistent or destroyed.”  In the end, the magistrate judge imposed a monetary sanction of fees and costs associated with defendants' discovery misconduct, and recommended that the district court give an adverse inference jury instruction to address the spoliation that occurred.  Although the magistrate judge found that the discovery misconduct by defendants in the case was "among the most egregious" the court had seen, she declined to recommend terminating sanctions because there was no evidence that defendants engaged in deliberate spoliation, and because the extreme sanction of dismissal would go beyond what was necessary to cure the prejudice to plaintiffs.

Some examples of defendants’ “reckless and egregious discovery misconduct” include the following:

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Court Denies Spoliation Sanctions for Destruction of ESI Pursuant to Document Retention Policy, Citing FRCP 37(e) Safe Harbor Provision

Gippetti v. UPS, Inc., 2008 WL 3264483 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 6, 2008)

In this case, plaintiff alleged that UPS fired him because of his age (reportedly, he was about 44 years old at the time).  UPS contended that Gippetti's termination had nothing to do with his age.  It maintained that he was fired for “stealing time” (i.e., sleeping on the job during periods he claimed to be working, taking excessive rest breaks and inaccurately recording meal and rest breaks) and because he did not properly complete truck safety inspections required by UPS and government regulations.

In discovery, plaintiff sought production of “tachograph records,” which were records that showed a vehicle's speed and the length of time it is moving or stationary.  UPS produced tachographs from 2007 and 2008, and agreed to produce the records on an ongoing basis.  However, UPS stated it was not able to locate any other responsive tachographs because its practice is, and since 2002 has been, to preserve such records for only 37 days due to the large volume of the data.

Plaintiff moved for spoliation sanctions, arguing that the destroyed tachograph records “would support that Plaintiff did not drive Route SU09 any differently than employees who were under the age of 40 years old.”  UPS responded that, until recently in this litigation, it had no reason to believe that all tachographs had any bearing on plaintiff's age discrimination claim before those records were destroyed years ago in accordance with the company's retention policy.

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No Spoliation Found Where Expert Drafted His Report on Computer, Without Saving or Preserving Progressive Iterations

In re Teleglobe Communications Corp., 2008 WL 3198875 (Bankr. D. Del. Aug. 7, 2008)

In this lengthy opinion addressing a variety of issues, the bankruptcy judge denied defendants’ motion to exclude testimony of the plaintiff’s expert as a sanction for the alleged spoliation of information considered in forming their opinions.  The court rejected defendants’ argument that Rule 26(a)(2)(B) required that the plaintiffs' experts produce all drafts of their reports:

The Court is not convinced that the plain language of Rule 26(a)(2)(B) imposes an obligation on a party or its experts to preserve and produce drafts of an expert's report.  See, e.g., Berckeley Inv. Group, Ltd. v. Colkitt, 259 F.3d 135, 142 n. 7 (3d Cir. 2001) (“The Supreme Court and this Court have repeatedly held that the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, like any other statute, should be given their plain meaning.”).  The Rule does not expressly include draft opinions in the list of what the expert must disclose.  Instead, the Rule requires that an expert's report contain a list of the data and other information on which he relied.  Fed. R. Civ.P . 26(a)(2)(B).  It does not seem logical that the Rule would require the final report to include a list of all the drafts of that report.  Further, because most experts now draft their reports on the computer, adding to and subtracting from the document, it would be impractical to require the production of all drafts.  For example, any time an expert added or subtracted a section, a paragraph, a sentence or even a word, the Defendants' reading of the Rules would require the expert to save the draft and preserve it for production later.  This is a completely unworkable reading of the Rules and would mire the courts in battles over each draft of an expert's report.  The Court concludes that this interpretation comports with neither the plain meaning of the Rule nor its policy.

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Magistrate Judge "Clearly Erred" by Analyzing Cost-Shifting Dispute for Paper Production under Seven-Factor Zubulake Test

Tierno v. Rite Aid Corp., 2008 WL 3287035 (N.D. Cal. July 31, 2008)

In this wage and hour employment case, plaintiff sought documents about class members' employment and salary history, terminations, performance evaluations, discipline, certain communications, and personnel files.  Rite Aid had demanded that plaintiff either travel to its various district office locations throughout California and copy the documents, or pay the copying expenses, which it estimated at $104,178.84.  The dispute was presented to the magistrate judge.  After weighing the factors set out in Zubulake v. UBS Warburg, L.L.C., 217 F.R.D. 309, 322 (S.D.N.Y. 2003), the magistrate judge required Rite Aid to produce the documents at its own expense.

Rite Aid objected to the magistrate's ruling, arguing that Fed. R. Civ. Pro. 34 requires plaintiff, not Rite Aid, to bear the costs of photocopying.  The district judge agreed, concluding that the magistrate judge had “clearly erred” by analyzing the dispute under Zubulake:

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Production of ESI in Paper Format Does Not Comply with Rule 34 Option to Produce ESI in Reasonably Usable Form; Court Orders Re-Production of Certain ESI in Native Format

White v. Graceland Coll. Ctr. for Prof’l Dev. & Lifelong Learning, Inc., 2008 WL 3271924 (D. Kan. Aug. 7, 2008)

In this wrongful termination case, plaintiff moved for an order compelling defendants to, among other things, provide complete information on defendants' document retention policy and how such policy may have affected ESI responsive to certain discovery requests, and re-produce certain electronic documents in their native format.  The court denied the former, but granted the latter request.

Information on Defendants’ Document Retention Policy

Plaintiff’s discovery requests had asked defendants to identify any computer or electronic devices used by its management or human resources department in the years 2003 or 2004, and whether the device had been search or analyzed to determine if any files, notes, or documents related to plaintiff were contained on the device.  Plaintiff also asked that defendants identify and produce any documents related to plaintiff found on the device.

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Supermarket's Failure to Retain Video Surveillance Footage of Periods Preceding and Following Slip and Fall Incident "Shocks the Conscience of the Court" and Warrants Adverse Inference Instruction

Bright v. United Corp., 2008 WL 2971769 (V.I. July 22, 2008)

In this case, plaintiff alleged that she slipped on drops of "a thick, pink liquid" while shopping at defendant supermarket, sustaining injuries to her left leg and ankle.  She sued for negligence, bodily injury, medical expenses, lost income and lost future earning capacity.  Defendant moved for summary judgment contending that it did not have notice of the spill which may have caused plaintiff’s injuries.  The trial court granted the motion, holding that, because plaintiff failed to provide any evidence that defendant knew or should have known about the substance on the floor, no reasonable jury could find that defendant had breached its duty to plaintiff as a matter of law.  Plaintiff appealed, and the Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands reversed and remanded, finding that there was a genuine issue of material fact as to constructive notice.

Plaintiff’s fall was captured on defendant’s closed-circuit video surveillance system, which was comprised of both a digital hard drive that records only a finite amount of data before reusing itself and a video recorder.  The digital footage was automatically recorded over every few weeks unless it is manually copied from the digital hard drive to the video recorder.  The supermarket’s manager testified that he examined the footage of plaintiff’s fall immediately after being notified of her fall, and the video failed to show anything visible on the floor at the time of the fall.  Concluding that plaintiff "probably tripped on herself," the manager testified that he elected not to review or copy any of the footage prior to or after the fall.  He also testified that the store had no set procedure for retaining video footage of slip and fall accidents and that the store simply retained the footage of the actual fall in plaintiff’s particular circumstance.

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Right to Specify Form of Production of ESI Does Not Authorize Requesting Party to Dictate Organization of Opposing Party's Production under Rule 34(b)(2)(E)

Suarez Corp. Ind. v. Earthwise Techs., Inc., 2008 WL 2811162 (W.D. Wash. July 17, 2008)

In this trademark infringement case, Suarez moved to compel Earthwise to organize and correlate responsive documents and ESI to Suarez's 136 or more requests for production.  Earthwise had produced “55,000 emails, six boxes of documents consisting of approximately 8,700 pages in .pdf form as [Suarez] requested, and nine CDs of data in native format that contain hundreds-if not thousands-of individual files.”  Suarez claimed that Earthwise's production was essentially a “document dump” without any cognizable organization.

Rule 34(b)(2)(E) provides:

Producing the Documents or Electronically Stored Information.  Unless otherwise stipulated or ordered by the court, these procedures apply to producing documents or electronically stored information:

(i)  A party must produce documents as they are kept in the usual course of business or must organize and label them to correspond to the categories in the request;
(ii)  If a request does not specify a form for producing electronically stored information, a party must produced it in a form or forms in which it is ordinarily maintained or in a reasonably usable form or forms; and
(iii)  A party need not produce the same electronically stored information in more than one form.

There was no evidence that Suarez had requested that responsive ESI be produced in a specific form or that Earthwise had objected to that requested form, if any.  However, it was also unclear how Earthwise determined what documents were responsive to Suarez's requests.

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Court Denies Motion to Compel Production of Email from Backup Tapes

Young v. Pleasant Valley Sch. Dist., 2008 WL 2857912 (M.D. Pa. July 21, 2008)

In this case, plaintiffs had requested that they be allowed to search the defendants' backup tapes in an attempt to discover whether other complaints were made to the district about the teacher who was at the center of the case.  After examining the relevant case law, the court concluded that it lacked sufficient information on the process of recovering deleted emails, the time required to do so, and the potential costs of that recovery.  As a result, the court ordered defendants to supply the information and delayed a decision on plaintiffs' motion until it had the information.

Defendants complied with the court’s request, and provided the following information:

(1) the district already possessed the equipment necessary to gain access to materials preserved on the backup tapes;
(2) the cost of the search would be a minimum of $10,000;
(3) a week would be needed to rebuild and restore the e-mail program, and additional time would be needed to access the emails;
(4) there were easily millions of emails stored on the server, and a precise number could not be reported until the server was rebuilt; and
(5) once the emails were restored, they could be searched by date, recipient, sender, subject or keywords.

The court concluded that the burden and expense of rebuilding the district's email system in order to provide the requested discovery, along with the additional and less expensive means available for plaintiffs to get this material, made the plaintiffs' discovery request impractical.  Accordingly, the court denied plaintiffs' motion.

The court rejected plaintiffs’ offer to have their own expert search the tapes: 

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Court Issues Fourth Order Regarding Forensic Inspection of Defendant's Computer Systems; Finds Defendant's Behavior Fell "Just Shy" of Conduct Befitting Default Judgment

Square D Co. v. Scott Elec. Co., 2008 WL 2779067 (W.D. Pa. July 15, 2008)

In June 2007, the court had ordered, among other things, that defendant Globe Electric Supply Co. “submit to a forensic inspection of its computer systems which record its purchases and sales of Square D products and its inventory of such products, with such inspection to be incurred at Globe's sole expense and cost."  In November 2007, after finding Globe in contempt of court and considering that "the information at issue is important to the public health and safety in that the counterfeit circuit breakers represent a potential danger to unknowing consumers," the court again addressed the issue of the forensic inspection.  At that time, the court ordered Globe to:

submit to an inspection by Square D (including its attorneys), at Globe's expense, of its inventory of Square D circuit breakers as well as Globe's offices, warehouses, storage containers or facilities where Square D circuit breakers are or may be located, and also submit to a forensic inspection of its computer systems which records its purchases and sales of Square D products and its inventory of such products, with such inspection to be incurred at Globe's sole expense and cost.

The court further ordered that said inspection occur within thirty days, or on or before December 14, 2007.

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Liability for State Law Spoliation Cause of Action Does Not Result Simply from Failure to Implement Litigation Hold or Defects in Its Scope or Substance

Ed Schmidt Pontiac-GMC Truck, Inc. v. Chrysler Motors Co., LLC, 2008 WL 2704859 (N.D. Ohio July 7, 2008)

In this breach of contract litigation, the court had previously granted plaintiff leave to amend its complaint to add a state law cause of action for spoliation of evidence based on defendant’s failure to implement a litigation hold.  Ed Schmidt Pontiac-GMC Truck, Inc. v. DaimlerChrysler Motors Co., LLC, 538 F. Supp. 2d 1032 (N.D. Ohio 2008).  In this decision, the court denied plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment on the spoliation claim, in light of genuine disputes over several material facts.

In an interesting passage, the court opines that liability for a state law spoliation of evidence cause of action does not result simply from the failure to implement a litigation hold:

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Court Denies Defendant's Post-Production Motion for Cost-Shifting as Untimely and Inappropriate in the Context of "Accessible" ESI

Cason-Merenda v. Detroit Med. Ctr., 2008 WL 2714239 (E.D. Mich. July 7, 2008)

In this class action litigation, defendant moved, pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(c), for an order requiring plaintiffs to pay at least 50 percent of its third party vendor electronic discovery costs.

The court first observed that the parties had entered a Stipulated Order for Discovery of Electronically Stored Information, which noted that the parties held several discussions regarding the possibility of limiting the scope and extent of discovery and that future agreements might be reached.  The Stipulated Order also reserved to the parties the right to petition the court to limit the scope and burden of discovery and to request that the opposing party share the costs.

The court then cited Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(2)(B) and stated that, among the measures available to the court is the apportionment (or shifting) of costs between the requesting and the producing parties.  However, the court observed that defendant had not identified any form of ESI “as not reasonably accessible because of undue burden or cost,” nor did it file a motion for an order protecting it from the obligation of production.  Rather, defendant produced the information requested of it and sought, after the fact, an order imposing 50 percent of its costs upon plaintiffs.

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Court Grants Protective Order and Prevents Plaintiff from Inquiring About "Storage, Preservation and Backup of Emails" in Defendants' Rule 30(b)(6) Depositions

Cunningham v. Standard Fire Ins. Co., 2008 WL 2668301 (D. Colo. July 1, 2008)

In this case arising out of a homeowner’s insurance claim, defendants sought a protective order to prevent plaintiff from inquiring into various topics during defendants' Rule 30(b)(6) depositions.  One topic was to be:  “Knowledge concerning the storage, preservation and backup of emails relating to claims authored or received by Susan Yeckley, Gilbert Friedmann and Alice Barron as well as any other adjusters who handled Plaintiff's claims.”

Defendants argued that the information sought in this topic was irrelevant to whether defendants breached plaintiff's insurance policy or acted in bad faith while adjusting his claim.  Defendants further stated that, to their knowledge, "all emails between Plaintiff and [Defendants] have been disclosed.”

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Court Declines to Shift Cost of Forensic Examination Necessitated by Party's Own Actions and Inaction

Peskoff v. Faber, 251 F.R.D. 59 (D.D.C. 2008)

In a previous decision, Magistrate Judge John M. Facciola addressed the sufficiency of the search done by defendant Michael Faber for emails and other ESI in response to plaintiff’s discovery requests, and determined that it was "appropriate to ascertain the cost of forensic testing of the computers and server at issue to see if it justifies a forensic search of them."  Peskoff v. Faber, 244 F.R.D. 54, 63 (D.D.C. 2007).  The parties submitted a joint bid proposal, which the court distributed to numerous vendors.  Three bids were received, the lowest of which was $33,000.  When the parties failed to reach agreement on how to share that cost, the matter was submitted again to Judge Facciola for resolution.

The court noted it had already determined that the Rule 26(b)(2)(C) factors weighed strongly in favor of the discovery, since the information sought was highly relevant, not duplicative, and could not be obtained from other sources.  The court then addressed the cost of the forensic search, and observed that it was not a situation “where the anticipated cost of doing the forensic search will dwarf the final recovery,” given that Mr. Peskoff was demanding $2.5 million.  The court concluded that, when balancing the cost of the forensic examination against the factors favoring the discovery, good cause existed to compel the forensic examination.

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Third Party Not Required to Produce Hard Drives to Plaintiff Competitor; Court Limits Subpoena and Allows Third Party to Conduct its Own Search

Daimler Truck N. Am. LLC v. Younessi, 2008 WL 2519845 (W.D. Wash. June 20, 2008)

In this case, Daimler sued its former employee in Oregon district court for breach of his duty of loyalty, his confidentiality contract, and his common law duty not to convert confidential and proprietary information, based upon the employee’s departure and subsequent employment by a competitor, Cascadia.  As part of that suit, Daimler served Cascadia with the third-party discovery requests at issue.  The parties resolved most of their disagreements, but were unable to resolve Daimler's request to search Cascadia's computers for communications between Younessi and Jim Hebe (a former CEO of Daimler who was subsequently employed by Cascadia) and between Hebe and other Daimler employees.  Cascadia moved to quash the subpoena and for a protective order because Daimler's subpoena was both unduly burdensome and would require disclosing confidential trade secrets to a competitor.

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Court Grants Plaintiff's Motion for Discovery Sanctions, Enters $5,247,781 Default Judgment and Awards $645,760 in Attorneys' Fees and Costs

S. New England Tel. Co. v. Global NAPs, Inc., 251 F.R.D. 82 (D. Conn. 2008) (Second Amended Ruling)

In this case, plaintiff (“SNET”) alleged that Global NAPS, Inc. had misrouted long-distance traffic of certain circuits not designated for such traffic, thereby depriving SNET of applicable access charges, and that Global failed to pay SNET access charges specified in SNET's federal tariff for special access circuits Global ordered from SNET's tariff.  In May 2006, the court granted SNET's Motion for a Prejudgment Remedy in the amount of $5.25 million.  At the same time, the court ordered Global to disclose assets sufficient to secure the prejudgment remedy within two weeks.  Global’s failure to comply with the court’s order evolved into a two-year discovery battle over Global’s financial records.

In December 2006, SNET filed an Amended Complaint, which added additional defendants affiliated with Global.  SNET's Amended Complaint alleged that the defendants' corporate structure was a "sham,” and sought to hold the defendants collectively liable for the underlying allegations set forth in SNET's original Complaint against Global.

In this opinion, the court found that the defendants willfully violated the court's discovery orders by failing to turn over their general ledgers and other business records, lied to the court about the inability to obtain documents from third parties, and destroyed and withheld documents that were within the scope of the discovery requests and the court’s discovery orders.  Among other things, defendants:

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Sixth Circuit Finds Demonstrable Abuse of Discretion in Trial Court's Order Requiring Forensic Imaging of State-Owned and Privately-Owned Computers by Plaintiffs' Computer Expert with Assistance from U.S. Marshal

John B. v. Goetz, 2008 WL 2520487 (6th Cir. June 26, 2008)

In this case, state defendants sought mandamus relief from two discovery orders issued by the district court during the course of the class-action litigation.  The district court had issued the orders after a discovery dispute arose regarding defendants' duty to preserve and produce ESI relevant to the litigation.  In the first order, the district court directed plaintiffs' computer expert and a court-appointed monitor to inspect the state's computer system and the computers of 50 key custodians to ascertain whether any relevant information has been impaired, compromised, or removed.  The second order denied reconsideration of the first order and directed that the first order be executed forthwith.  Both orders allowed plaintiffs' computer expert to make forensic copies of the hard drives of identified computers, including not only those at the work stations of the state's key custodians, but also any privately owned computers on which the custodians may have performed or received work.  The orders also directed the U.S. Marshal, or his designated deputies, to accompany plaintiffs' computer expert to ensure full execution of the orders.

The Sixth Circuit entered an emergency stay of implementation of the orders on December 7, 2007, which was previously summarized here.

In this decision, the Sixth Circuit concluded that certain aspects of the district court's November 15 and 19 orders constituted a “demonstrable abuse of discretion.”  Accordingly, it granted, in part, defendants’ petition for mandamus and set aside those provisions of the district court's orders that required the forensic imaging of state-owned and privately owned computers, including the provisions that required the U.S. Marshal or his designee to assist plaintiffs' computer expert in the execution of the orders.

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Production of Email in Native Format Satisfies Fed. R. Civ. P. 34(b)(2)(E)

Perfect Barrier LLC v. Woodsmart Solutions Inc., 2008 WL 2230192 (N.D. Ind. May 27, 2008)

In this case, one of plaintiff’s requests for production sought emails -- plaintiff provided defendant with search terms and desired to have all emails that contained the relevant search terms.  Defendant complied with the request and produced approximately 75,000 pages of email documents on disk.  However, defendant designated the entire email production as Type C documents, “Attorney-Eyes-Only," pursuant to the parties' agreed protective order. 

Plaintiff thereafter filed a motion to compel compliance with the protective order, and for sanctions.  At issue was whether defendant violated the terms of the parties' protective order by designating all emails as “attorney eyes only,” and whether defendant should be required to re-produce the email in a different format.

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Finding Waiver of Attorney-Client Privilege and Work Product Protection, Court Orders Production of Attorney Notes of Employee Interviews Concerning Intel's Compliance with Evidence Preservation Obligations

In re Intel Corp. Microprocessor Antitrust Litig., 2008 WL 2310288 (D. Del. June 4, 2008)

In this decision, the district court adopted the Special Master’s Report and Recommendation concerning the Motion of AMD and Class Plaintiffs to compel Intel to produce notes of its counsel's investigation interviews of designated employees concerning Intel's compliance with its evidence preservation obligations (the “Weil Materials”).  The Weil Materials included notes taken during and after the custodian interviews, meeting notices, emails between attorneys regarding the interviews, etc.  The court ordered Intel to produce the requested Weil Materials, as redacted by the Special Master.

Intel’s Preservation Efforts

On June 27, 2005, AMD filed its complaint against Intel.  On the same date, upon learning of the filing of the complaint, Intel assembled a team to put into place a process to "identify and preserve relevant paper and electronic documents" across six different continents.  Intel described its document retention plan as being tiered and having multiple layers of retention, including:

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Client and Counsel Jointly and Severally Liable for Monetary Sanctions Based on Inadequate Search for and Untimely Production of ESI; Evidentiary Sanctions Also Recommended

R & R Sails Inc. v. Ins. Co. of Pa., 251 F.R.D. 520 (S.D. Cal. 2008)

After a fire destroyed plaintiff’s manufacturing facility, defendant paid plaintiff for loss of property, but plaintiff claimed that the value of all lost property exceeded the amount paid.  Plaintiff also sought further payment under the insurance contract for loss of income, business interruption and extra expenses.  Plaintiff sued to enforce the contract, and also alleged bad faith in the handling of the claim.

In discovery, plaintiff noted that "conspicuously absent" from defendant's production of documents were "electronic or handwritten daily activity records/logs which are generally kept with an adjuster's notes and telephone call records.”   Defendant insisted that the documents did not exist.  During a discovery conference on the matter, the court expressed doubt as to the records’ nonexistence and ordered defendant either to produce the requested documents or submit a sworn declaration that the records did not exist.  Defendant thereafter submitted a sworn declaration from its senior property claims examiner (Lombardo) stating that "[t]here were no daily activity logs or telephone record logs that were created or maintained in connection with plaintiff's claim."

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Plaintiff's Reformatting of Hard Drives Sought in Discovery Warrants Adverse Inference Instruction, Not Dismissal

Johnson v. Wells Fargo Home Mortgage, Inc., 2008 WL 2142219 (D. Nev. May 16, 2008)

In this case, plaintiff alleged that defendant erroneously reported two of his real property mortgage loans delinquent to credit reporting agencies.  Plaintiff claimed that defendant foreclosed on one loan and continued to erroneously report both loans delinquent after plaintiff spent nine months making multiple phone calls and sending correspondence, including cancelled checks and loan documents, verifying the loans were current.

Defendant contended that plaintiff’s Fair Credit Reporting Act claim was supported with various letters he drafted on his two laptops and were “the very foundation of his claim.”  Defendant further contended that computer evidence revealed plaintiff may have manufactured the documents to support his claim and then flagrantly reformatted the hard drives on the laptops shortly after defendant informed him that they had been formally requested and were relevant to the case.

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Finding that Production of Privileged ESI Effected Waiver, Court Describes Risks of Privilege Review Using Keyword Searches and Offers Guidance on Proper Assertion of Privilege

Victor Stanley, Inc. v. Creative Pipe, Inc., 250 F.R.D. 251 (D. Md. 2008)

In this case, plaintiff sought a ruling that 165 electronic documents produced by defendants were not privileged because their production occurred under circumstances that waived any privilege or protected status.  The parties had previously agreed to a joint protocol to search and retrieve relevant ESI responsive to plaintiff’s Rule 34 requests.  The protocol contained detailed search and information retrieval instructions, including nearly five pages of keyword/phrase search terms aimed at locating responsive ESI.

In March 2007, defense counsel notified the court that individualized privilege review of the responsive ESI would delay production unnecessarily and cause undue expense.  To address this concern, defendants gave their computer forensics expert a list of keywords to be used to search and retrieve privileged and protected documents from the population of documents that were to be produced to plaintiff, and requested that the court approve a “clawback agreement” fashioned to address the concerns noted in Hopson v. Mayor of Baltimore, 232 F.R.D. 228 (D. Md. 2005).  Later, when the discovery deadline was extended, defense counsel notified the court that defendants would be able to conduct a document-by-document privilege review, thereby making a clawback agreement unnecessary.  Following their privilege review, defendants produced responsive ESI in September 2007.

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Court Sets Protocol for Forensic Inspection of Plaintiff's Computer Systems

Ferron v. Search Cactus, L.L.C., 2008 WL 1902499 (S.D. Ohio Apr. 28, 2008)

In this case, plaintiff (a lawyer) brought claims under the Ohio Consumer Sales Practices Act based upon emails he received.  Because only the unsolicited emails plaintiff received would support his claim under the Act, it was necessary for the parties to ascertain which of the emails plaintiff received were unsolicited.  Plaintiff's computer systems contained the only available documentary evidence that could show the pathways taken by plaintiff to solicit the emails or the absence of those pathways.

Defendants requested an inspection of plaintiff's computer systems so as to ascertain whether plaintiff's efforts with respect to receiving the emails and visiting the websites (that were at the heart of the action) constituted a consumer transaction under the OCSPA, or whether plaintiff's opening of the emails and any attempts to obtain free merchandise were part of a business designed to profit from email litigation

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Court Reminds Parties of Their Duty to Preserve and Enters Preservation Order

In re Flash Memory Antitrust Litig., 2008 WL 1831668 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 22, 2008)

The court's order, in its entirety, provides:

All parties and their counsel are reminded of their duty to preserve evidence that may be relevant to this action.  The duty extends to documents, data, and tangible things in the possession, custody and control of the parties to this action, and any employees, agents, contractors, carriers, bailees, or other non-parties who possess materials reasonably anticipated to be subject to discovery in this action.  "Documents, data, and tangible things" shall be interpreted broadly to include writings, records, files, correspondence, reports, memoranda, calendars, diaries, minutes, electronic messages, voice mail, E-mail, telephone message records or logs, computer and network activity logs, hard drives, backup data, removable computer storage media such as tapes, discs and cards, printouts, document image files, Web pages, databases, spreadsheets, software, books, ledgers, journals, orders, invoices, bills, vouchers, check statements, worksheets, summaries, compilations, computations, charts, diagrams, graphic presentations, drawings, films, charts, digital or chemical process photographs, video, phonographic, tape or digital recordings or transcripts thereof, drafts, jottings and notes, studies or drafts of studies or other similar such material. Information that serves to identify, locate, or link such material, such as file inventories, file folders, indices, and metadata, is also included in this definition.  Until the parties reach an agreements on a preservation plan or the Court orders otherwise, each party shall take reasonable steps to preserve all documents, data, and tangible things containing information potentially relevant to the subject mater of this litigation.  In addition, counsel shall exercise all reasonable efforts to identify and notify parties and non-parties of their duties, including employees of corporate or institutional parties, to the extent required by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

Court Rejects Cost Shifting Since Moving Party Failed to Meet and Confer in Good Faith; Cost Estimate and Conclusory Characterizations of ESI as "Inaccessible" Insufficient Under Rule 26(b)(2)

Mikron Ind., Inc. v. Hurd Windows & Doors, Inc., 2008 WL 1805727 (W.D. Wash. Apr. 21, 2008)

In this decision, District Judge Robert S. Lasnik denied defendants’ motion for a protective order which asked the court to shift the costs of producing ESI to the plaintiff.  Relying on Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(2), defendants argued that searching through their ESI would generate substantial costs and yield cumulative results.

Finding that defendants failed to discharge their meet and confer obligation in good faith, as required by Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(c), the court denied the motion on that basis.  The court then went on to consider the merits of the motion.  It found that defendants had also failed to demonstrate that plaintiff's discovery requests were unduly burdensome and/or cumulative, or that the requested ESI was “not reasonably accessible because of undue burden or cost.”  The court explained:

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Defense Attorneys Sanctioned for Obstructing Forensic Inspection of Defendant's Computer Servers

Sterle v. Elizabeth Arden, Inc., 2008 WL 961216 (D. Conn. Apr. 9, 2008)

In this wrongful termination case, plaintiff sought the production of certain “DSFG Reports” which summarized information regarding the sales performance of employees in relation to their peers, and other key sales information.  Plaintiff knew about the existence of the DSFG Reports because he had received a facsimile of the June 2004 DSFG Report before he was terminated.  The fax was sent anonymously but the fax number was from defendant's Stamford, Connecticut office.  The June 2004 DSFG Report revealed that plaintiff was leading his division in sales performance.  After nine months of discovery, defendant had produced only four additional DSFG Reports.  In October 2007, plaintiff moved to compel production of the remaining seven DSFG Reports from the year prior to plaintiff's termination.

The court held a telephone conference to discuss the motion to compel and the whereabouts of the seven remaining DSFG Reports.  During the conference the attorneys maintained their respective positions on the matter:  plaintiff’s attorney believed that the defense attorneys were hiding or had deleted the DSFG Reports, and defense counsel gave assurances that such reports could not be located.  The court proposed that defendant permit a forensic computer consultant to inspect its computers, to which the attorneys agreed.  The court entered an inspection order, which included the following provisions:

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Court Further Refines Search Protocol, Adds Search Terms and Orders Distinct Conjunctive and Disjunctive Keyword Searches

ClearOne Communications, Inc. v. Chiang, 2008 WL 920336 (D. Utah Apr. 1, 2008)

This decision further refines the search protocol to be used to search data from computers used by certain defendants, which were imaged pursuant to two court orders issued in 2007.  The second imaging order sought to establish a protocol for searching the mirror images to identify relevant and responsive documents.  That protocol was refined in a November 5, 2007 order.  The protocol in place required keyword searches by technical experts; review of search result reports by defense counsel for facial claims of privilege; delivery of the reports to plaintiff’s counsel for preliminary assertion of responsiveness; defense counsel's review for responsiveness and privilege; and delivery of documents and privilege logs.

The parties had agreed on many search terms.  Plaintiff had accepted, with five additions, the search terms proposed by defendants in September 2007.  The issue decided on this motion related to the five additional search terms proposed by plaintiff, and the conjunctive or disjunctive use of the terms in the searches to be conducted.

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Additional Information Needed Before Court Will Order Production of Email from Backup Sources

Baker v. Gerould, 2008 WL 850236 (W.D.N.Y. Mar. 27, 2008)

Plaintiff, an employee in the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (“DEC”), alleged that defendants failed to promote him to the position of Captain in retaliation for having exercised his constitutional rights.  Plaintiff moved to compel the production of email between and among the parties, challenging the adequacy of defendants’ production.

Following oral argument on the motion, the court directed defendants to submit an affidavit describing the search undertaken to locate the requested emails.  In response, defendants filed an affidavit of the Director of the DEC's Division of Information Services.  Instead of explaining the steps undertaken to search for the emails, however, the affidavit only described the work that would be entailed in restoring deleted data from backup sources.  Although the director evidently assumed that as a result of the systematic, automatic deletion of unsaved emails generated more than 12 months earlier, any additional responsive emails between the parties were not reasonably accessible, his affidavit did not address what efforts, if any, were employed to search for such emails from accessible sources.  For example, the affidavit did not identify whether any search was undertaken to locate archived or saved emails, which, as he explained, was one method available to users to avoid deletion of emails.

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Party that Sought Metadata Only After Production of Document in .PDF and Paper Formats Not Entitled to Native Production

Autotech Techs. Ltd. P’ship v. Automationdirect.com, Inc., 248 F.R.D. 556 (N.D. Ill. 2008)

In this trademark infringement litigation, defendant sought to compel Autotech to produce an electronic copy of a word processing document entitled “EZTouch File Structure.”  Autotech had already produced the document in both .PDF format on a compact disc and paper format, and had also provided a “Document Modification History” representing a chronological list of all changes made since the “EZTouch File Structure” document was created.  Defendant argued that the  production was not acceptable, because the document existed in its “native format” on a computer at Autotech's offices in Bettendorf, Iowa.  Defendant wanted the “metadata” -- information it claimed was within the electronic version of the document including when the document was created, when it was modified, and when it was designated “confidential.”

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Court Sets Protocol for Forensic Examination of Employment Discrimination Plaintiff's Home Computers

Coburn v. PN II, Inc., 2008 WL 879746 (D. Nev. Mar. 28, 2008)

In this employment discrimination case, defendants sought a forensic examination of plaintiff’s home computers.  Defendants explained that the inspection would focus on information relating to Coburn's employment with defendants, the termination of that employment, allegations or claims Coburn was making in this action, and damages resulting from the actions or inactions of defendants.  Plaintiff did not object generally to a “limited, focused” inspection, but opposed the request because defendants had not set forth a protocol or methodology that would protect her against violations of privilege, privacy and confidentiality interests.

The court found that the burden on plaintiff of such an inspection would be minimal.  It noted that defendants sought only a mirror image or “clone copy” of the hard drive or drives in question, and that defendants had agreed to bear the entire cost of the forensic inspection.  The court cited approvingly the protocol adopted in Playboy Enters., Inc. v. Welles, 60 F.Supp.2d 1050, 1054-55 (S.D. Cal.1999), finding that it offered “a suitable approach for protecting Coburn's communications with her attorney, and her privacy interests as well as the confidentiality interests of her new employer.”

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Inadequate Preservation Efforts Necessitate Restoration and Production of Email from Backup Tapes, and Forensic Search of CEO's Laptop

Treppel v. Biovail Corp., 2008 WL 866594 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 2, 2008)

In this case, plaintiff alleged that Biovail Corp., its CEO, general counsel and others engaged in a "smear campaign" that destroyed plaintiff's career as a securities analyst.  He asserted claims of defamation, tortious interference with prospective economic advantage and civil conspiracy.  In February 2006, as previously summarized here, Magistrate Judge James C. Francis, IV declined to enter a preservation order and ordered defendants to answer a “document retention questionnaire” and produce documents in native format.  In response that order, Biovail proceeded with the search protocol it had previously proposed, using the search terms (i) Treppel, (ii) Jerry, (iii) Bank of America, (iv) Banc of America, (v) BAS, and (vi) BofA.  Biovail searched the individual emails and files of certain key players, as well as the shared file drives of relevant departments.  It conducted the search by accessing certain backup tapes it had preserved, and images of the custodians' hard drives.

Subsequently, plaintiff requested that Biovail expand its search for electronic documents by adding some 30 search terms and numerous individual custodians to the original search.  Biovail declined on the grounds that plaintiff's request came too late and was overbroad.  Biovail produced the results of its search in May 2006.  After some additional discovery relating to Biovail's preservation of electronic data, discovery closed in December 2007.

Plaintiff then moved for an order compelling Biovail to search for additional ESI and imposing sanctions, alleging that the defendants did not adequately preserve evidence.  Defendants opposed both applications, contending that their production was complete and that their steps to preserve evidence were sufficient.

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Court Declines to Issue Advisory Opinion as to What Actions State Must Take to Properly Preserve Documents for Potential Suit

Texas v. City of Frisco, 2008 WL 828055 (E.D. Tex. Mar. 27, 2008)

In this case, the State of Texas sought a declaratory judgment and the court's protection from a general litigation hold request, initiated by a letter sent by the City of Frisco.  The letter asked the Texas Department of Transportation to generally preserve all electronic data associated with a particular highway toll project, and referred to potential litigation regarding the environmental evaluation of the toll project.  The State speculated that the City would likely bring suit pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act and the Administrative Procedures Act; however, at the time the complaint was filed, no claims had been brought.  Thus, the State asked the court to enter a declaratory judgment ruling that the City's preservation letter "violates the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and is contrary to rules governing a NEPA/APA claim in federal court."  The request for declaratory relief was the sole count made against the City of Frisco in the complaint.

The City of Frisco moved to dismiss, arguing that the State failed to plead the elements of any viable claim and was essentially asking the court for an advisory opinion concerning what action it must take to properly preserve those documents subject to the litigation hold.  The court agreed, and dismissed the complaint.  The court's analysis is set out below:

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Court Sets Protocol for Production and Review of Text Messages

Flagg v. City of Detroit, 2008 WL 787061 (E.D. Mich. Mar. 20, 2008)

Plaintiff in this case is the minor son of a murder victim, whose murder remains unsolved.  The complaint alleges that the defendants engaged in a laxity in investigation, deliberately ignored and actively concealed material evidence, and deprived the plaintiff of an opportunity to bring a wrongful death suit against the murderer.

In a separate order on March 20, 2008, the court denied defendants’ motion to quash subpoenas to SkyTel for the production of certain text messages.  The court found that the plaintiff was entitled to pursue the production of certain text messages sent or received by specified officials or employees of the City of Detroit (some of whom were also named as individual defendants in the suit) during specified time frames, using text messaging devices supplied by SkyTel.  The court observed that the relevance (and hence discoverability) of the text messages necessarily turned upon the content of the communications.  Thus, it was essential to establish a procedure for the review of the content of each such communication.  Moreover, because a communication might be relevant, but not subject to discovery, e.g., protected by a privilege, the court stated that the procedure must be capable of addressing such issues and objections to production.

Accordingly, the court issued this order establishing a protocol for review and production of text messages, and assigning two magistrate judges to perform the review.
 

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Court Approves Retention of Independent Technology Expert to Build, Maintain and Operate Discovery Database to Ensure Consistency, Reliability and Accessibility of Information

In re World Trade Ctr. Disaster Site Litig., 2008 WL 793578 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 24, 2008)

This litigation concerns claims relating to respiratory injuries suffered by rescue and clean-up workers as a result of exposure to toxins and other contaminants in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.  Approximately 10,000 cases are before the court.

In this decision, the court approved the Special Masters’ recommendation that Technology Concepts & Design, Inc. ("TCDI") be retained to build, maintain and operate a database, to store the “Core Discovery” that the parties had begun to produce, and will continue to produce, pursuant to the court’s “Core Discovery Order" of November 27, 2007.  The court explained that the “Core Discovery” will create a substantial amount of information, including insurance data from scores of contractors and subcontractors, and basic details concerning each plaintiff's claim.  The court continued:

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Federal Court Allows Plaintiff to Amend Complaint to Assert State Law Spoliation Cause of Action Based on Defendant's Failure to Implement Litigation Hold

Ed Schmidt Pontiac-GMC Truck, Inc. v. DaimlerChrysler Motors Co., LLC, 538 F. Supp. 2d 1032 (N.D. Ohio 2008)

In this case, an automobile dealer brought suit alleging that DaimlerChrysler had breached a settlement agreement when it refused to grant the dealer a Chrysler franchise.  During the two years of discovery that followed, Schmidt alleged that DaimlerChrysler knowingly and intentionally destroyed relevant evidence.  Specifically, Schmidt alleged that DaimlerChrysler failed to implement a litigation hold to prevent the destruction of evidence after the complaint was filed in October 2004, and replaced or altered certain employees' hard drives days before Schmidt made forensic images of the drives as part of its discovery process.  Further, Schmidt alleged that DaimlerChrysler attempted to hide the extent and significance of its misconduct.  As a result, Schmidt sought to add a spoliation of evidence claim to the litigation.

The court observed that, under Ohio law, the elements for a spoliation of evidence cause of action are:

1) ... pending or probable litigation involving the plaintiff; 2) knowledge on the part of the defendant that the litigation exists or is probable; 3) willful destruction of the evidence by the defendant designed to disrupt the plaintiff's case; 4) disruption of the plaintiff's case; and 5) damages proximately caused by the defendant's actions.

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Magistrate Judge Orders Expedited Forensic Imaging of Defendants' Computers

Xpel Techs. Corp. v. Am. Filter Film Distribs., 2008 WL 744837 (W.D. Tex. Mar. 17, 2008)

In this brief order, the magistrate judge granted plaintiff’s motion for expedited computer forensic imaging, finding that good cause had been established.  The magistrate judge ruled that the costs of the forensic imaging would be borne by the plaintiff, and articulated a number of protocols for the parties to follow:

  • Computer forensic analysis will be performed by Digitalworks, located at 13333 N. Central Expy., Ste. 201, Dallas, Texas 75243 (the "Forensic Examiner").
  • All Forensic Examiners utilized must agree in writing to be bound by the terms of this Order prior to the commencement of their services.
  • Within two days of this Order or at such other time agreed to by the parties, defendants shall make its Computer(s), Server(s), and any other electronic storage devices located at Defendants' place of business at 1385 Westpark Way, Euless, Texas, including but not limited to Brett Wassell's laptop, which may be located at a different location, available to the Forensic Examiner to make mirror images of those devices as set out below:
     
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District Court Modifies Magistrate Judge's Order Requiring Production of Forensically Sound Copies of Defendant's Servers to Allow for Pre-Production Privilege Review

Bro-Tech Corp. v. Thermax, Inc., 2008 WL 724627 (E.D. Pa. Mar. 17, 2008)

In this case involving claims of misappropriation of trade secrets, defendants objected to an order of a magistrate judge requiring them to disclose "forensically sound" images of certain data storage devices (Thermax's India and Michigan servers) to plaintiffs' counsel without any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure or prior filtering for privileged or work-product materials that the images might hold.  The production was required to permit a determination of whether defendants had violated an earlier stipulation and order that had imposed an ongoing obligation on defendants to return to plaintiffs any of plaintiffs’ files in their possession, and then to purge such files from their possession, custody and/or control.

The magistrate judge’s order had issued in the context of a dispute around the deposition of Stephen Wolfe, an employee of Huron Consulting Group, a computer forensic services firm relied on by defendants for both testifying and consultative expert work.  Wolfe testified that, at Thermax’s direction, he had performed two distinct tasks.  The first was to produce an expert report regarding whether an array of plaintiff’s information identified by plaintiff’s expert was located on a discrete set of data storage devices, after performing all necessary searches of images of the devices.  This set of devices did not include the India or Michigan servers.  The second task was to conduct electronic searches of images of Thermax’s India and Michigan servers for evidence of plaintiff’s files therein (which, in accordance with the parties' earlier stipulation and order, already should have been disclosed to plaintiffs and purged).  The two tasks were different in several ways, as each task involved searches of different devices, with the searches involved in the former task providing the exclusive basis of Wolfe's expert report, and the searches of the India and Michigan servers not informing his report in any respect.  In other words, Wolfe performed the former task in his capacity as a testifying expert, and performed the latter task in his capacity as a consulting expert.

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No Sanctions Warranted for Failure to Produce "Smoking Gun" Email, Where Email System Did Not Retain Any Sent Emails

Clearone Communications, Inc. v. Chiang, 2008 WL 704228 (D. Utah Mar. 10, 2008)

In this case involving claims of misappropriation of trade secrets, breach of contract and conversion, plaintiff sought sanctions for two claimed wrongs:  (1) defendants’ belated production of, and misrepresentations about, source code complete with developer comments; and (2) defendants’ failure to produce “smoking gun” email, which was produced by another party who was the recipient of the email.

The so-called “smoking gun” email was written by defendant Lonny Bowers on September 5, 2005.  Bowers was one of the founders and principals of defendant WideBand.  The email was only discovered in documents produced by defendant Biamp, the recipient of the email, not in any discovery from the WideBand defendants.  The WideBand defendants explained that the computer system used by Bowers did not retain copies of email sent by Bowers.  On this point, the court observed:

For any business this is a significant irregularity; almost unimaginable for a technology company; and even more unlikely for a person of Bowers' importance in such a company.  Nonetheless, it does not appear that the September 5, 2005, email was withheld by WideBand Defendants -- they did not have any copies of emails sent by Bowers. 

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Magistrate Judge Sets Protocol for Plaintiff's Forensic Examination of Former Employee's Computer and Requests Affidavit from Expert Explaining Certain Issues

Equity Analytics, LLC v. Lundin, 248 F.R.D. 331 (D.D.C. 2008)

In this case, plaintiff Equity Analytics claimed that defendant, its former employee, gained illegal access to electronically stored information after he was fired.  Defendant explained that another Equity employee had granted him permission to use the employee’s username and password to access a particular Equity computer system.  Defendant admitted that he had accessed the system some 18 times over a 90-day period, and had used his Macintosh computer to do it.

In November 2007, the district court issued a TRO prohibiting defendant from “accessing or attempting to access Equity Analytics, LLC's data on Salesforce.com for any purpose.”  The judge initially struck from the TRO a requirement that defendant permit Equity to have a computer forensic expert examine his computer to ascertain:  (1) whether defendant accessed Equity's confidential customer data and/or trade secrets; (2) whether the data has been forwarded to defendant’s new employer an Equity competitor; and (3) whether the data was purged or overwritten.  The parties subsequently agreed that a computer forensic specialist should be permitted to examine defendant’s Macintosh computer, but they could not reach agreement on the search protocol.

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Bald Assertions of Burden Insufficient Under Rule 26(b)(2)(B); Ball Club Ordered to Produce Remaining Email Using Previously Agreed-Upon Search Terms

City of Seattle v. Prof'l Basketball Club, LLC, 2008 WL 539809 (W.D. Wash. Feb. 25, 2008)

The discovery dispute in this decision involved the City of Seattle's request to have defendant Professional Basketball Club, LLC (“PBC”) search for and produce responsive emails for six of its eight members.  In January 2008, PBC produced approximately 150,000 emails from two members of PBC.  It objected to producing emails for the remaining six PBC members because such a search would “increase the universe exponentially” and would generally produce irrelevant documents.  The City moved to compel production of the requested emails.

The court first considered whether the requisite principal-agent relationship existed to establish that PBC had the legal right to obtain documents upon demand from its members.  The court analyzed PBC’s operating agreement under Oklahoma law, and concluded that the City had met its burden in establishing that PBC had “possession, custody, or control” over the at-issue documents for purposes of Fed. R. Civ. P. 34(a).

Next, the court found that the substance of the requested emails – information regarding the formation of PBC and the Sonics' finances – may be relevant to the underlying issues.  Given the liberal discovery rules, the court declined to limit the City's inquiry on relevancy grounds.  It stated that, whether such evidence warrants admissibility is a distinctly separate question that would be addressed at the appropriate time.

Finally, the court observed that the Federal Rules contemplate a specific requirement when a party objects to the production of electronically stored information, citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(2)(B).  The court faulted PBC’s lack of specificity, stating that PBC had not explained why producing the emails at issue would be unnecessarily burdensome.  It continued:
 

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Court Finds Deleted Email "Not Reasonably Accessible"; No Duty to Search Backup Tapes for Emails of a Sexual Nature

Petcou v. C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc., 2008 WL 542684 (N.D. Ga. Feb. 25, 2008)

In this employment discrimination case, the court had previously ordered defendant to produce computer-generated reports of attempts by its employees to access adult websites at two of its branches during the relevant time period.  Although the court had denied plaintiffs' request for email messages with adult content, it gave plaintiffs the option to file a motion for reconsideration after they had been given an opportunity to obtain evidence regarding defendant’s burden of production.  This opinion addresses plaintiffs’ renewed motion, in which they requested that defendant produce “at a minimum, documents showing any emails of a sexual or gender derogatory nature sent from 1998 through 2006.”

Evidence relating to defendant’s burden was as follows:

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Attorneys Who Erroneously Relied on Client's Defective Search Methods Were Merely Negligent and Not Acting in Bad Faith; Monetary Sanctions Imposed Against Client Only

Finley v. Hartford Life and Acc. Ins. Co., 2008 WL 509084 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 22, 2008)

In this case, plaintiff claimed that defendant wrongfully terminated her disability benefits in violation of ERISA.  Plaintiff also alleged that Hartford violated her right to privacy by causing its agent Dempsey Investigators to trespass onto her land and videotape her and her roommate through the kitchen window of plaintiff’s home.

When Hartford served its Rule 26(a)(1) initial disclosures, it indicated it was disclosing a copy of the administrative record related to plaintiff’s disability claim, and produced among other things copies of the claim file, electronic notes and surveillance videos conducted by Dempsey.  Due to what Hartford calls an "administrative oversight," the videos produced did not contain the footage of plaintiff in her kitchen.  Hartford later produced the “kitchen video” in a supplemental disclosure under Rule 26(e).  Hartford argued that it complied with its usual procedure and that a reasonable search was done, and that as soon as it discovered that the full video had not been disclosed it complied with Rule 26(e) and supplemented its earlier disclosure.

Plaintiff sought sanctions, alleging that Hartford failed to disclose the kitchen video in violation of Rule 26(a); that Hartford's attorney certified Hartford's initial and incomplete disclosure in violation of Rule 26(g); and that Hartford failed to produce the kitchen video in response to a particular request for production.  Plaintiff sought sanctions in the amount of the costs and attorney's fees she spent taking the depositions of Dempsey witnesses and retaining the services of an expert.  She argued that she took these depositions and engaged this expert solely because defendant did not produce the kitchen video in a timely manner, and that she would not have otherwise engaged the expert, or taken the depositions.
 

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Defense Counsel's Unilateral Modification of Parties' Stipulated Privilege Screening Process Results in Additional Expert Costs and Over-Exclusion of Email

Henry v. Quicken Loans, Inc., 2008 WL 474127 (E.D. Mich. Feb. 15, 2008)

This Fair Labor Standards Act overtime collective action was brought on behalf of approximately 422 plaintiffs who worked as "loan consultants" for defendants.  After defense counsel objected to plaintiffs' requests to produce emails of the several hundred individual plaintiffs and their 32 team leader managers, plaintiffs agreed to limit the relevant time period to the months of April, May and June of 2004.  They proposed that, after they reviewed all the emails and narrowed them down to those they thought were relevant, they would give defendants an opportunity to review this reduced set of emails and raise any attorney client privilege or other objections they might have and retrieve items that should be protected.  Fearing that this "claw back" provision could be deemed a waiver of the privilege in some states, defense counsel was relunctant either to agree to the provision or to produce the relevant back up tapes because of the exceedingly expensive process of defense counsel screening them for privilege before production.

Plaintiffs filed a motion to compel to resolve the dispute and a hearing was held.  The court established a protocol that was intended to balance the concerns and needs of both sides at what was hoped to be manageable costs.  Under the protocol, plaintiffs' computer forensic expert, Mark Lanterman, was to retrieve from defendants' computer back up tapes all of the emails for the months of April, May and June of 2004.  Based on search terms and methods to be worked out by the attorneys for both sides, Mr. Lanterman, "at Plaintiffs' reasonable expense for his services and the electronic copying expenses," was to filter this database for the team leaders and hundreds of plaintiffs.  Mr. Lanterman was to act under the "direction and control" of defense counsel in retrieving the requested emails from the backup tapes.  The searching and filtering of defendants' database by Mr. Lanterman would be limited to the terms agreed upon by the parties.  Further, Mr. Lanterman was required to sign a declaration agreeing to the agency relationship with and under the direction and control of defense counsel, to be bound by the court's orders and to maintain confidentiality.  At the hearing, while plaintiffs' counsel agreed to pay the reasonable expenses of Mr. Lanterman, he expressed a desire to limit the costs to no more than what was needed and not to be giving defense counsel a "carte blanche" to run up the costs of the screening procedure at plaintiffs' expense.

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Notwithstanding Objections to Magistrate Judge's January 7 Order, Sanctioned Attorneys Appear and Participate in CREDO Program

On January 29, 2008, attorneys James R. Batchelder, Adam A. Bier, Kevin K. Leung, Christian E. Mammen, Lee Patch and Stanley Young, as well as certain Qualcomm in-house attorneys, appeared before United States Magistrate Judge Barbara L. Major, as directed in her January 7, 2008 Order.  Also appearing were outside counsel for Qualcomm, counsel for some of the sanctioned attorneys, and counsel for Broadcom.  The attorneys spent the day working to develop a comprehensive Case Review and Enforcement of Discovery Obligations ("CREDO") protocol, and at the end of the day, several attorneys appeared before the court again to report on their progress.  After reviewing counsel’s draft protocol and hearing their plans for developing it further, Magistrate Judge Major scheduled a status hearing for February 19, 2008 at 11 a.m.

Also on January 29, 2008, United States Senior District Judge Rudi M. Brewster issued an order requesting that the parties provide him with courtesy copies of all their filings related to the Magistrate Judge’s January 7, 2008 Order, in light of the objections and requests for reconsideration that were timely filed by the sanctioned attorneys.  (Qualcomm itself did not file a written objection to the January 7, 2008 Order.)  View the attorneys’ objections here:  Batchelder, Mammen & Leung Objection; Young Objection; Patch Objection; Bier Objection.

View Broadcom’s response to the attorney objections.

The court has not yet set a hearing date on the attorneys' objections and requests for reconsideration.

Court Declines to Order Production of Metadata Where Request for Production Did Not Specify Production in Original Format, and Orders Evidentiary Hearing on Spoliation Allegations

D'Onofrio v. SFX Sports Group, Inc., 247 F.R.D. 43 (D.D.C. 2008)

In this contentious employment discrimination case, Magistrate Judge John M. Facciola resolved a number of discovery disputes relating to the production of electronically stored information.

Among other relief, plaintiff sought the production of a certain business plan in its original electronic format, with accompanying metadata.  Plaintiff argued that Fed. R. Civ. P. 34 permits the production of documents outside of their original format only "if necessary," and that in this case, there was no such necessity.  Defendants responded that:  (a) plaintiff did not request that the Business Plan or any other documents be produced in a specific format; (b) production in original electronic format with metadata is not required by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure or in the absence of a clear agreement or court order, neither of which were present here; and (c) plaintiff had not demonstrated the relevance of the metadata.

The court rejected plaintiff’s interpretation of Rule 34:

Rule 34(a) does not set forth constraints on the manner of production, but instead establishes the permissible scope of a request.  Consequently, the "if necessary" clause seized upon by plaintiff is actually a constraint on the requesting party rather than the responding party.  In other words, electronic data is subject to discovery if it is stored in a directly obtainable medium.  If, however, it is not stored in a directly obtainable medium, a request may be made of the responding party to translate the electronic data into a "reasonably usable form."  Because the step of translating this type of electronic data adds an extra burden on the responding party, the request may only seek for it to be done "if [the translation is] necessary."  It is not the case that this clause requires the responding party to produce data in its original form unless "necessary" to do otherwise.
 

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Court Orders White House to Provide Additional Information About Backup Media Being Preserved

Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics in Washington v. Executive Office of the President, No. 1:07-cv-01707-HHK (D.D.C. Jan. 8, 2008)

This case involves a claim by the National Security Archive (“the Archive”) and Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics in Washington that several million email messages were improperly deleted from White House computer servers.  Plaintiffs have requested that the court compel expedited discovery and a Rule 26(f) conference, and defendants have moved to dismiss the case.  On Tuesday, January 8, 2008, Magistrate Judge John M. Facciola ordered the White House to provide additional information about the backup media it is preserving in the litigation pursuant to an earlier court order.  The court explained the relevance of the information to its decision on plaintiffs’ pending discovery motion:

To the extent that the missing emails are contained on the back-ups preserved pursuant to Judge Kennedy’s order, there is simply no convincing reason to expedite discovery – particularly where, as here, there is a pending motion to dismiss.  If the missing emails are not on those back-ups, however, the relief likely to be requested by the Archive will be beyond the scope of the present Motion – and, indeed, beyond the scope of this referral.  The request for that relief will also be time-sensitive:  emails that might now be retrievable from email account folders or “slack space” on individual workstations are increasingly likely to be deleted or overwritten with the passage of time.

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Court Sanctions Qualcomm $8,568,633, Orders Certain In-House and Former Outside Counsel to Participate in "Case Review and Enforcement of Discovery Obligations" Program, and Refers Investigation of Possible Ethical Violations to California State Bar

Qualcomm Inc. v. Broadcom Corp., 2008 WL 66932 (S.D. Cal. Jan. 7, 2008)

On Monday, January 7, 2008, United States Magistrate Judge Barbara L. Major issued her Order on Broadcom’s Motion for Sanctions related to Qualcomm’s failure to produce tens of thousands of documents that Broadcom had requested in discovery.  (A copy of the January 7 order downloaded from Westlaw is available here.)  Additional background regarding the sanctions motion is available in our previous posts on the case on September 20, 2007, August 29, 2007 and August 13, 2007.

In this most recent order, the judge ordered Qualcomm to pay Broadcom $8,568,633.24 for its “monumental and intentional discovery violation,” representing all of Broadcom’s attorneys’ fees and costs incurred in the litigation.  (Because the trial judge had already awarded these costs and fees to Broadcom in its Exceptional Case Order, the court directed that Qualcomm receive credit toward this penalty for any money it paid to Broadcom to satisfy the exceptional case award.)

The court also found that six of Qualcomm’s outside attorneys “assisted Qualcomm in committing this incredible discovery violation by intentionally hiding or recklessly ignoring relevant documents, ignoring or rejecting numerous warning signs that Qualcomm’s document search was inadequate, and blindly accepting Qualcomm’s unsupported assurances that its document search was adequate.”  The court observed that these six attorneys “then used the lack of evidence to repeatedly and forcefully make false statements and arguments to the court and jury.”  As such, the court found that the attorneys had violated their discovery obligations and also may have violated their ethical duties.  Accordingly, the court concluded that sanctions against the six named outside attorneys were also warranted.

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Texas Appellate Court Upholds Discovery Order Requiring Party to Allow Opposing Party's Expert to Create Mirror Images of Office Computer Hard Drives

In re Honza, 2007 WL 4591917 (Tex. App. Dec. 28, 2007)

Defendants in underlying real estate litigation sought a writ of mandamus compelling the trial court to set aside a discovery order that required them to permit a forensic expert to create a mirror image of each of the computer hard drives in their office in an effort to locate two particular documents or iterations of those documents.  The documents were two drafts of a partial assignment of a real estate contract, and served as the basis for the underlying suit.  Plaintiff A & W Development, LLC had sought the metadata because it wanted to identify the points in time when the partial assignment draft was modified in relation to a particular diary entry.   The evidence related to the issue of whether the Honzas altered the partial assignment after the parties concluded their agreement.

The Honzas contended that the court abused its discretion because:  (1) the discovery order was overbroad and authorized an improper "fishing expedition"; (2) the order authorized the disclosure of information protected by the attorney-client privilege; and (3) the order authorized the disclosure of confidential information pertaining to the Honzas' other clients who had no connection to the underlying lawsuit.

The appellate court denied the petition for writ of mandamus, finding that the order was not overbroad and was appropriately tailored to prohibit the unauthorized disclosure of privileged or confidential information.  In reaching its decision, the appellate court noted that there was no Texas authority directly on point, and described the relevant state and federal decisions:
 

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County's "Foot Dragging" in Discovery and Failure to Implement Legal Hold Warrant Monetary Sanctions, but not Default Judgment or Adverse Inference Instruction

Toussie v. County of Suffolk, 2007 WL 4565160 (E.D.N.Y. Dec. 21, 2007)

In this case, plaintiffs alleged that their civil rights had been violated when the defendants denied them the opportunity to purchase real estate at auction.  The email dispute was first brought to the court's attention in August 2006, when the plaintiffs moved to compel supplemental discovery responses from the County.  Plaintiffs’ counsel argued that the County had failed to perform a diligent search for responsive documents, evidenced by the fact that it had only produced two emails.  During a conference with the court on the matter, counsel for the County suggested that since it was "more the exception than the rule," that employees were "communicating be email," a further search was unlikely to uncover additional emails.  However, because it became clear that the County had failed to conduct a system wide search for responsive emails, the court directed the County to have its Information Technology Department search the County's servers for responsive emails.

In October 2006, plaintiffs moved for sanctions, contending that the County had willfully failed to comply with the court's order.  In response, the County submitted an affidavit from its Director of Management Information Services, explaining that the County lacked the resources to perform the court-ordered search for additional emails.  He estimated that the cost to restore the County’s backed up data would be roughly $36,000, and that the process would take as much as 1,700 man hours.

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Terminating Sanctions Warranted for Willful Spoliation of Evidence

Columbia Pictures Inc. v. Bunnell, No. 2:06-cv-01093 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 13, 2007) (Order Granting Plaintiffs’ Motion for Terminating Sanctions)

The court imposed terminating sanctions and entered default judgment against defendants in this copyright litigation as a result of defendants’ willful spoliation of key evidence.  The court found that defendants had deleted and/or modified relevant TorrentSpy user forums postings, deleted directory headings that referenced copyrighted works, destroyed user IP addresses and withheld the identities and addresses of site moderators.  The court concluded that defendants’ misconduct had “inalterably prejudiced” plaintiffs’ ability to prove their case, and that terminating sanctions were the only effective recourse.

A copy of the decision is available here.

Defendant's Disposal of Laptop and Untruthful Testimony about Circumstances of Disposal Warrant Adverse Inference Instruction and Relaxed Burden of Proof for Plaintiff

Great Am. Ins. Co. of N.Y. v. Lowry Dev., LLC, 2007 WL 4268776 (S.D. Miss. Nov. 30, 2007)

This insurance coverage litigation stemmed from property damage caused by Hurricane Katrina in 2005.  Plaintiff Great American contended that there was a mutual mistake of fact in connection with the formation of the insurance contract, arguing that the parties, acting through their agents, understood that wind damage coverage was excluded.  In this decision, the court ruled on plaintiff’s motion for sanctions for the destruction of a laptop computer by defendant’s insurance agent (Groves), who was also a defendant in the case.

During the summer of 2006, Groves disposed of a personal computer which may have contained information relevant to the issues in dispute.  Although the specific contents of the computer’s hard drive were unknown, the court found that there was evidence in the record that Groves used the computer to prepare correspondence and emails related to the purchase of the policy at issue.  Plaintiff argued that these computer records may have shed considerable light on the question whether Groves believed, at the time he negotiated the purchase of the policy, that the policy would provide coverage for wind damage.  That disputed issue of fact was at the heart of the defense of mutual mistake Great American sought to establish.

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Native Production Warranted Where Alleged Backdating of Documents is at the Heart of Parties' Dispute

Ryan v. Gifford, 2007 WL 4259557 (Del. Ch. Nov. 30, 2007)

In this letter opinion, the court ruled upon a number of discovery disputes, including one relating to the format of production.  Plaintiff sought an order compelling a defendant to respond to documents requests “in native file format, with original metadata, but without a separate production of metadata.”  Granting that portion of plaintiff’s motion, the court explained:

[M]etadata may be especially relevant in a case such as this where the integrity of dates entered facially on documents authorizing the award of stock options is at the heart of the dispute.  This relevance is further illustrated by the fact that Maxim's special committee, as well as Deloitte & Touche, undoubtedly reviewed metadata as part of their investigation into the backdating problems at Maxim.  This latter fact also undermines the asserted burdensomeness of producing documents in native file format.  Maxim need not produce metadata separately, but the Court does order the production of documents identified in plaintiffs' July 3rd motion to compel in a format that will permit review of metadata, as plaintiffs have clearly shown a particularized need for the native format of electronic documents with original metadata.

Good Cause Exists for Production of "Not Reasonably Accessible" Claims Information

W.E. Aubuchon Co., Inc. v. BeneFirst, LLC, 245 F.R.D. 38 (D. Mass. 2007)

In this case, plaintiffs sued the third-party administrator of their employee medical benefits plans, alleging that it breached its fiduciary duty and the underlying contract by failing to perform its duties in a reasonably prudent manner.  In an earlier motion to compel, plaintiffs had sought, among other things, to compel BeneFirst to produce all medical claims files, including the actual medical bills in BeneFirst's custody or control.  The court ruled that BeneFirst was to provide those files and bills.  BeneFirst sought reconsideration of that ruling, arguing that the requested claims forms were not reasonably accessible within the meaning of FRCP 26(b)(2)(B) because of the high cost to retrieve such information (both in monetary terms and in terms of the man hours it would require to retrieve the information).

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Defendant Former Employer Entitled to Forensic Inspection of Plaintiff's Home Computer, at Defendant's Expense

Orrell v. Motorcarparts of Am., Inc., 2007 WL 4287750 (W.D.N.C. Dec. 5, 2007)

In this sexual harassment and gender discrimination case, plaintiff sued her former employer, alleging a hostile work environment, wrongful discharge, and retaliation.  Plaintiff alleged that she was sexually harassed by several male co-workers and/or supervisors, as well as some of the defendant's customers.  Most significantly for the purposes of the pending discovery motions, plaintiff contended that some of the harassment was in the form of "pornographic" and "offensive" emails that she was sent by co-workers and customers.  Plaintiff testified at her deposition that she had received an "overwhelming number" of those emails, "even hundreds" of them.  Although plaintiff received these emails on the laptop computer that defendant provided, she testified that it was her practice was to forward those emails to her home email address and store them on her home computer.  Plaintiff also testified that she forwarded some of these offensive emails to her husband, some of which he received on his computer at his job with the Bendix corporation, a non-party.

Shortly after receiving notice of her termination, but prior to returning her work laptop computer to defendant, plaintiff, with the aid of her husband, had the laptop's hard drive "wiped."  (Defendant later performed a forensic examination of the laptop, which confirmed that no information could be retrieved from the hard drive.)  Plaintiff testified that her purpose in "wiping" the hard drive was to prevent any of her personal information being returned to defendant.  However, plaintiff’s husband presented a slightly different version of events at his deposition, testifying that although he ultimately took the computer to an information technology consultant who "wiped" the computer with a program entitled "Evidence Eliminator," he initially contemplated taking the computer to a "shooting gallery" where it would be destroyed.

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Cost to Restore Inaccessible Backup Tapes Exceeds Possible Yield of Relevant Information

Palgut v. City of Colo. Springs, 2007 WL 4277564 (D. Colo. Dec. 3, 2007)

In this employment discrimination litigation, the magistrate judge made a number of findings and conclusions relevant to several outstanding e-discovery disputes.  Among other things, the judge found:

  • That defendant conducted “an adequate and full search of all ESI formatted documents that may be relevant to the issues before this court and which are in [defendant’s] possession.”  Nevertheless, defendant agreed to conduct an additional search, in accordance with the parties’ stipulation, a copy of which is available here.  Among other things, defendant agreed to conduct an additional electronic search of ESI, using keyword searches agreed upon by the parties.
  • “That the 2006 Amendments to Fed. R. Civ. P. 34 simply clarify 'that discovery of electronically stored information stands on equal footing with discovery of paper documents.'  See Advisory Committee's Note on 2006 Amendments.  Consequently, without a qualifying reason, plaintiff is no more entitled to access to defendant's electronic information storage systems than to defendant's warehouses storing paper documents[.]”
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District Court Sustains Plaintiff's Objection to Magistrate Judge's Order Requiring Restoration and Production of Database Prepared in Separate Litigation

Best Buy Stores, L.P. v. Developers Diversified Realty Corp., 247 F.R.D. 567 (D. Minn. 2007)

Best Buy sued its landlords for fraud, breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty and declaratory judgment, claiming that they overcharged insurance and maintenance costs for common areas.  On September 5, 2007, the magistrate judge ruled on a number of discovery motions filed by the parties.  (A copy of the September 5, 2007 Order is available here.)  Among other things, the magistrate judge concluded that a database prepared by Best Buy in the case of Odom v. Microsoft Corp. (the "Odom database") was reasonably accessible despite a cost of at least $124,000 to restore the data to searchable form.  The magistrate judge found that $124,000 was a reasonable cost considering the potential breach of contract damages exceeding $800,000, the potential for enhanced damages associated with Best Buy’s fraud claims, and the potential long-term economic impact of the outcome of the litigation on all parties.  Further, the magistrate judge noted that "discovery in the Odom case is complete [and] the database has ... been archived by an e-discovery vendor."  Thus, the magistrate judge ordered Best Buy to restore the Odom database to permit discovery by defendants in this case.

Best Buy objected, explaining that discovery in the Odom litigation was not complete, the database had not been archived, and "the data can only be restored from original sources such as backup tapes."  Thus, Best Buy argued that the magistrate judge clearly erred in determining that the Odom database was reasonably accessible and ordering its discovery.

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Sixth Circuit Stays District Court's Order Allowing Plaintiffs' Computer Expert, Escorted by United States Marshall, to Inspect and Forensically Image Tennessee State Agencies' Computer Systems

John B. v. Goetz, No. 07-6373 (6th Cir. Nov. 26, 2007 and Dec. 7, 2007)

This case is a class action on behalf of roughly 550,000 children seeking to enforce their rights under federal law to various medical services, including early and periodic screenings for their physical well being, and dental and behavioral health needs.  Defendants in the case include Tennessee state officials who are in charge of the state programs for these services.

On October 9 and 10, 2007, following a series of conferences and hearings (including a one-week evidentiary hearing on e-discovery issues), the district court issued a 187-page Memorandum and accompanying Order granting plaintiffs’ motion to compel defendants to produce various electronically stored information (“ESI”).  The district court’s Memorandum and Order addressed search terms, key custodians, claims of undue burden and privilege, spoliation, sanctions and cost-shifting.  The district court also sharply criticized the defendants’ preservation and production methods, and ordered the production of all metadata and deleted information.  Further, the district court ordered that plaintiffs’ computer expert “shall be present for the [d]efendants’ ESI production and shall provide such other services to the defendants as are necessary to produce the metadata, as ordered by the Court.”  Additional background on the district court’s October 9 and 10 Memorandum and Order, with links to the 187-page Memorandum, is available in our previous blog entry. The district court subsequently appointed a monitor (former United States Magistrate Judge Ronald J. Hedges of the District of New Jersey) to oversee the court-ordered ESI production.

Defendants moved for reconsideration and/or clarification of various issues addressed in the district court’s October 9 and 10 Memorandum and Order, including the plaintiffs’ expert’s role in the defendants’ production efforts.  On November 15, 2007, the district court issued an Order (dated November 14) directing that plaintiffs’ expert and the court-appointed monitor shall “forthwith inspect the State’s computer systems and computers of the fifty (50) key custodians that contain information relevant to this action.”  The district court further directed that plaintiffs’ expert or his designee “shall make forensic copies of any computer inspected to ensure the preservation of all existing electronically stored information (“ESI”).”  Finally, the district court ordered that the United States Marshall or his designated deputies should accompany the plaintiffs’ expert to “ensure that this Order is fully executed.”  A copy of the district court’s November 15 Order is available here; a copy of the Order from Westlaw is now available here.

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Court Sets Protocol for Production of ESI by Non-Party Individual

In re Rule 45 Subpoena Issued to Robert K. Kochan, 2007 WL 4208555 (E.D.N.C. Nov. 26, 2007)

In this decision, the district court adopted the Memorandum and Recommendation of Magistrate Judge James E. Gates which resolved a dispute centered around a subpoena issued in a case pending in the Southern District of Mississippi.  Plaintiffs in that case sued Forensic Analysis & Engineering Corp. ("FAEC") and others for alleged fraud related to investigation of plaintiffs' insurance claims for damages caused by Hurricane Katrina.

In August 2007, the plaintiffs issued a subpoena duces tecum to nonparty Robert K. Kochan, a Virginia resident and the president of FAEC.  The subpoena directed Mr. Kochan to produce for inspection and copying the following information:

1.  As related or pertaining to Hurricane Katrina, to produce and permit inspection and copying through drive imaging, all electronically stored information created, stored or maintained on or after August 29, 2005, on any laptop computer ever utilized by Adam Sammis in the state of Mississippi at any time on or after August 29, 2005.  This request applies but is not limited to the laptop computer(s) utilized by Adam Sammis while working in the mobile R/V office Forensic Analysis & Engineering deployed to the Mississippi Gulf Coast before, on or after September 26, 2005; and

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Sanctions Warranted for Failure to Comply with Court's Production Order and Failure to Implement Litigation Hold

Bd. of Regents of Univ. of Neb. v. BASF Corp., 2007 WL 3342423 (D. Neb. Nov. 5, 2007)

In this patent and licensing litigation, the court had previously ordered plaintiff to produce “development documents” related to the project at issue in the litigation.  According to defendant, plaintiff produced 1,737 pages of documents by the order’s deadline in February 2006, but then later produced more than 11,000 pages of new responsive documents in the final days of discovery in the fall of 2007.  Defendant argued that these late-produced documents fell squarely within the ambit of the court’s order and should have been produced 18 months earlier.  Defendant also argued that plaintiff had failed to meet its preservation obligations.

At his deposition, one of the key players employed by plaintiff testified that he was not specifically directed by plaintiff’s counsel to search for electronically stored documents; he was asked to produce “all documents” related to his research, and he produced only hard copy documents without examining his electronic files.  In addition, the witness stated that during 2005 the University changed the storage system for the archiving of electronically produced information, from a University-wide archiving system to a more localized, “individual computer” storage system.  As part of that process the witness reviewed his computer-stored information and preserved what he deemed was important.  Conversely, of course, and without guidance, he deleted what he viewed as unimportant.  He testified that, in that process, neither the University nor counsel directed that electronically stored information pertaining to the relevant project be preserved in any form.  Further, the University's computer system was such that some emails would be automatically deleted “at some point” if not preserved.

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Court Defers Ruling on Defense Request to Inspect Hard Drives and for Sanctions, Ordering Plaintiff to Submit Affidavit Detailing Why Certain Emails were "Unloadable" and Efforts Taken to Retrieve the Information

U & I Corp. v. Advanced Med. Design, Inc., 2007 WL 4181900 (M.D. Fla. Nov. 26, 2007)

In this breach of contract case, plaintiff sought a protective order blocking the production of documents by a non-party in response to defendant’s subpoena.  The court found that plaintiff had not established good cause for the protective order, in part because the time frame of the requests was reasonable.  The court also noted that, because plaintiff’s 2004 emails were allegedly unavailable (discussed below), defendant had no other way to obtain some of the information.  The court thus denied the motion for protective order; it also denied the non-party’s motion to quash, which was based on general relevancy and (unsupported) undue burden arguments.

At the same time, defendant sought an order compelling plaintiff to produce the hard drives of certain employees for inspection by an independent expert, and to produce all responsive 2004 emails.  Defendant also sought various sanctions for plaintiff’s alleged failure to produce the material in accordance with the court’s prior order on the subject.

Plaintiff responded that it had produced all responsive documents in its possession.  However, it explained that, due to a computer error following a server change that occurred prior to litigation, its 2004 emails were "unloadable.”  It also claimed that it had no hard copies of any 2004 emails.  As such, plaintiff contended that it could not produce any 2004 emails.

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Plaintiffs Fail to Establish that Email in LotusNotes Format was "Not Reasonably Accessible Because of Undue Burden or Cost"

Parkdale Am., LLC v. Travelers Cas. and Sur. Co. of Am., Inc., 2007 WL 4165247 (W.D.N.C. Nov. 19, 2007)

In this case, Carolina corporations that manufacture and sell cotton yarn sought a declaratory judgment that, pursuant to an insurance contract, the defendant was obligated to defend and indemnify plaintiffs concerning claims in ten underlying antitrust lawsuits.  Plaintiffs also asserted state claims for breach of contract, bad faith denial of insurance claims, and unfair and deceptive trade practices.  The court in this opinion resolves a number of discovery disputes, one of which related to the production of email by plaintiffs.

Plaintiffs had raised an objection in their briefs to producing unidentified but admittedly non-privileged emails on the grounds of undue burden and expense ($20,000 to convert the emails into a searchable format).  However, at the hearing the parties' counsel explained to the court that those emails were a key player’s emails which were subsequently produced at a lesser (and shared) cost.  When defense counsel argued that there was “very little useful information in those emails,” plaintiff’s counsel renewed plaintiffs’ objection as to other emails on the grounds of relevance and the burden and cost of searching them for privileged information.

The court cited Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(2)(B) and 26(b)(2)(C), and found that the disputed discovery requests sought evidence that was relevant, and in some cases, “pivotal” to the issues in the case.  It stated: “In other words, absent a valid privilege or an undue burden or expense in production sufficient to override the Defendant's right to conduct otherwise reasonable discovery, the Plaintiffs must respond fully to those discovery requests.”

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Plaintiff Ordered to Preserve Graphic Images Stored on Cell Phone

Smith v. Cafe Asia, 246 F.R.D. 19 (D.D.C. 2007)

Plaintiff was formerly employed as a host and waiter at Café Asia, a restaurant located in Washington, D.C.  Plaintiff claimed that he was the victim of discrimination based on his sexual orientation, and that he was the subject of assault and battery in the form of unwanted touching.  Among other things, plaintiff alleged that the kitchen staff routinely harassed him, that management tolerated and encouraged the verbal and physical harassment, and that one manager had sent him an email containing pornographic images portraying homosexual acts.  The defendant restaurant responded that all of the alleged incidents were welcomed, encouraged and instigated by plaintiff.

Defendant requested that it be permitted to inspect and make copies of images stored on plaintiff's cell phone.  Defendant alleged that the images portray plaintiff's genitalia at various states of arousal, and graphic images of other men purported to be plaintiff's sexual partners.  Defendant argued that the images were relevant to whether plaintiff invited a hostile work environment and whether he was subjectively offended by defendant's alleged conduct.

Plaintiff conceded that his cell phone contained “intimate, highly personal” and “unclothed images,” but denied having willingly shared the images with his co-workers.

Magistrate Judge John M. Facciola ruled that, balancing defendant’s need for the images against plaintiff’s valid privacy concerns, plaintiff would be required to preserve the images and permit inspection by one attorney designated by defendant only so far as necessary to fully inform its discovery and trial preparation. Continue Reading...

Sanctions Not Warranted for Failure to Produce ESI in Native Format with Intact Metadata

Mich. First Credit Union v. Cumis Ins. Soc’y, Inc., 2007 WL 4098213 (E.D. Mich. Nov. 16, 2007)

In May 2007, the court entered an order granting plaintiff's motion to compel discovery and directing defendant to supplement its discovery responses specifically with regard to electronically stored documents.  In its initial objections to the discovery requests, defendant had objected to the request that it produce records "as they are maintained in the ordinary course of business in their 'native format,' along with the intact metadata."  Specifically, defendant objected to the request as "unduly burdensome" and "impos[ing] obligations on Cumis beyond those permissible under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure."  When defendant served the supplemental responses required by the court’s May order, it produced the material on CD-ROMs in readable PDF form, but did not include metadata or provide the material in native format.

Plaintiff moved for sanctions, arguing that the production violated the court’s May order.

The court concluded that, because its May order did not address the issue of metadata or "native format" files, it could not be said that defendant's failure to produce that information was a violation of that order.  As such, there was no basis to sanction the defendant.  Further, after considering the submissions and arguments of the parties, the court found that defendant's objections to the production of metadata were well founded, and clarified its May order to reflect that defendant shall not be required to produce its electronically stored documents in "native format" or to produce metadata. Continue Reading...

Court Orders Re-Production of ESI at Producing Party's Expense Where Vendor's Processing Error Caused Thousands of Emails to be Separated from Their Attachments

PSEG Power New York, Inc. v. Alberici Constructors, Inc., 2007 WL 2687670 (N.D.N.Y. Sept. 7, 2007)

Magistrate Judge Randolph F. Treece began his memorandum decision and order in this construction litigation with these introductory remarks:

With the rapid and sweeping advent of electronic discovery, the litigation landscape has been radically altered in terms of scope, mechanism, cost, and perplexity.  This landscape may be littered with more casualties than successes and the discovery imbroglio in this case is a prime example of this observation.  For nearly six months, the parties and the Court have been grappling with an electronic discovery monstrosity with the hope that it could be corralled and definitively resolved, thereby obviating the need for motion practice.  Alas, attempts to resolve the issue in lieu of briefs fell woefully beyond the parties' grasp and, as the last straw, they have set the matter at our feet for appropriate resolution.

The parties’ electronic discovery dispute arose when numerous emails being produced by PSEG were “divorced” from their attachments due to a technical glitch in the software used by PSEG’s e-discovery vendor.  (None of the raw data had been lost, and all 750 gigabytes of unfiltered data remained intact and in its original format.)  Upon discovering the problem, the parties attempted to determine whether a reasonable solution was feasible.  However, it became apparent that remarrying the emails to their attachments would be “formidable and costly.”  A number of potential solutions were attempted, none of which proved successful.

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Court Grants Plaintiffs' Motion for Preservation Order

In re Nat’l. Security Agency Telecomms. Records Litig., 2007 WL 3306579 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 6, 2007)

In this brief order, Chief Judge Vaughn R. Walker granted plaintiffs’ motion for an order prohibiting the alteration or destruction of evidence during the pendency of the action.  Among other things, the court ordered:

Counsel are directed to inquire of their respective clients if the business practices of any party involve the routine destruction, recycling, relocation, or mutation of such materials and, if so, direct the party, to the extent practicable for the pendency of this order, either to

(1) halt such business processes;

(2) sequester or remove such material from the business process; or

(3) arrange for the preservation of complete and accurate duplicates or copies of such material, suitable for later discovery if requested.

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Defendant Not Required to Re-Produce Entire Document Production in Native Electronic Format

Schmidt v. Levi Strauss & Co., 2007 WL 2688467 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 10, 2007) (Not for Citation)

Plaintiffs brought this action under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, claiming they were terminated in retaliation for filing complaints about defendants’ alleged tax fraud and other accounting irregularities.  Among other relief requested in their motion to compel, plaintiffs asked the court to order defendants to reproduce, in native electronic format, all documents which they had produced over the course of the litigation.  The court noted that the precise documents plaintiffs were seeking, and the reasons why electronic versions were being sought, “have been somewhat of a moving target in their papers.”  The court observed that plaintiffs had originally suggested that certain (unidentified) documents had been edited or altered by defendants or by their attorneys.  However, the court found no indication in the record that defendants' documents had been altered in any way – except to the extent that defense counsel added document production numbers, confidentiality labels and, in some instances, indicated that certain information had been redacted.

In their reply papers, plaintiffs explained that they needed the electronic versions of (unidentified) emails and attachments as well as all documents which contained information that did not fit on a standard 8.5″x11″ page.  They further claimed that they were unable to track which attachments were sent with any given email, and argued that they were unable to properly analyze hard-copy spreadsheets (some of which reportedly were hundreds of pages long) that contained financial information that ran over the margins of a standard page. Continue Reading...

Judge Orders White House to Preserve Backup Media

Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics in Washington v. Executive Office of the President, No. 1:07-cv-01707-HHK (D.D.C. Nov. 12, 2007)

On Monday, November 12, 2007, Judge Henry H. Kennedy, Jr. adopted the Report and Recommendation of Magistrate Judge John M. Facciola and ordered the White House to:  “preserve media, no matter how described, presently in their possess[ion] or under their custody or control, that were created with the intention of preserving data in the event of its inadvertent destruction.”  Judge Kennedy further ordered:  “Defendants shall preserve the media under conditions that will permit their eventual use, if necessary, and shall not transfer said media out of their custody or control without leave of this court.” 

In this consolidated action, Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics in Washington ("CREW") and The National Security Archive are seeking to preserve for history the records of the Bush presidency.  The organizations challenge as contrary to law "the knowing failure of the defendants to recover, restore and preserve certain electronic communications created and/or received within the White House."  The plaintiffs further allege:

The e-mails at issue were improperly deleted from servers maintained by the Executive Office of the President and currently exist only on back-up tapes, if at all.  Unless relief is granted and the e-mail expeditiously restored from the back-up tapes, these federal and presidential records may be lost forever.  This action also challenges the failure of the Archivist and the head of the Office of Administration to take enforcement action to ensure adequate preservation of all federal records.

[] In addition, this lawsuit seeks an order requiring the defendants to implement an adequate electronic records management system in compliance with federal law.  The current administration abandoned the previous electronic records management system in 2002 and has failed to implement another system, creating a situation in which emails that should have been preserved as either federal or presidential records were instead improperly deleted.  Moreover, in the absence of an adequate electronic records management system, e-mails continue to be deleted improperly from the servers. . . .

Complaint, at pp. 2-3.  Defendants have stated they intend to file a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

A copy of today’s order is available here, and a copy of Magistrate Judge Facciola’s October 19, 2007 Report and Recommendation is available here.

An article about the ruling is available here.

CREW has also moved for expedited discovery and has asked the court to compel a Rule 26(f) conference.  A copy of the memorandum in support of that motion is available here.

Court Orders Defendant Tennessee State Agencies to Produce Responsive ESI, Including All Metadata and Deleted Information; Potentially Shifts Costs to Defendants as Sanction for Failure to Implement Effective Litigation Hold and Other Discovery Miscues

John B. v. Goetz, 2007 WL 3012808 (M.D. Tenn. Oct. 10, 2007)

This case is a class action on behalf of roughly 550,000 children who are entitled under federal law to medical services that include early and periodic screenings for their physical well being, including their dental and behavioral health needs, along with any necessary follow-up medical services.  Through this action, plaintiffs seek to enforce their rights to such services under various federal statutes.  Defendants in the case include Tennessee state officials who are in charge of the state programs for these services.  To assist it in providing these services, the State enters into contracts with a number of Managed Care Contractors (“MCCs”).  The MCCs are not parties in the suit.

Contemporaneous with the filing of the complaint, plaintiffs requested class certification and the parties agreed to entry of a Consent Decree to remedy plaintiff’s complaints and to certify the class.  Lengthy and complex proceedings followed, including several show cause and contempt hearings.

In the latter half of 2006 and in early 2007, the court held a series of hearings and conferences on the parties’ discovery disputes, and ordered the production of certain electronically stored information (“ESI”) from the defendants.  The court also held that the MCCs’ responsive records and ESI were within the possession, custody, and control of defendants, and required the defendants to obtain such information from the MCCs and produce it as well. Continue Reading...

Email Communications Between Physician and His Attorney Exchanged Over Hospital's Email System Not Protected by Attorney-Client Privilege or Work Product Doctrine

Scott v. Beth Israel Med. Center Inc., 2007 WL 3053351 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. Oct. 17, 2007)

Plaintiff is a physician who sued for breach of contract based upon his termination from defendant hospital (“BI”).  Under the contract at issue, BI agreed to pay Dr. Scott $14 million in severance pay if he was terminated without cause.  BI asserted that Dr. Scott was terminated for cause, while Dr. Scott believed he was terminated without cause and without receiving any severance pay.

In August 2005, BI’s counsel wrote Dr. Scott’s counsel stating that BI was in possession of email correspondence between Dr. Scott and his counsel pertaining to Dr. Scott’s dispute with BI, as well as emails written between Dr. Scott and another attorney regarding a separate dispute.  The letter stated that, although no one at BI had read the emails yet, BI believed that any potential privilege attached to the communications had been waived by use of BI’s email system.  Dr. Scott’s counsel responded, asserting that the emails were privileged communications for which there had been no waiver, and requesting their immediate return.  BI refused to return the emails, and the parties called the judge’s court attorney, who instructed BI to provide copies of the emails to Dr. Scott, place copies of the documents into a sealed envelope and bar anyone from reviewing the emails pending a decision by the court.  Thereafter, Dr. Scott filed a motion for a protective order seeking the return of the emails.
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Public Policy Dictates that Web-Based Privileged Emails Be Protected, Notwithstanding Employer's Right to Inspect Laptop Contents under Email Policy

Sims v. Lakeside School, 2007 WL 2745367 (W.D. Wash. Sept. 20, 2007)

In this employment discrimination case, defendant Lakeside sought an order from the court allowing the review of a hard drive image of a laptop computer furnished to plaintiff while he was employed at Lakeside.  After plaintiff’s counsel raised an objection to the imaging of the hard drive, Lakeside agreed not to review its contents, and the parties attempted to resolve the issue on their own.  When the parties were unable to reach agreement, Lakeside moved to compel the review of the image.

The court granted the motion in part, and denied it in part.  The court found that the plaintiff had no reasonable expectation of privacy in the contents of the laptop that was furnished by Lakeside, including emails he sent and received on his Lakeside email account.  However, the court ruled that web-based emails generated by plaintiff, and any material he created to communicate with his attorney and his spouse, were protected under the attorney-client privilege and the marital communications privilege.

The court explained that Lakeside’s employee manual was “unequivocally clear” in stating that user accounts were the property of Lakeside School, and that they were to be used for academic and administrative purposes only.  “Furthermore, where an employer indicates that it can inspect laptops that it furnished for use of its employees, the employee does not have a reasonable expectation of privacy over the employer-furnished laptop.”  There was no dispute that plaintiff received a copy of this policy and signed an acknowledgment that he read and reviewed the policy.  Consequently, the court held that plaintiff was on notice that he did not possess a reasonable expectation of privacy in the contents of his laptop, or in the emails he sent and received using Lakeside's accounts.

The court viewed web-based emails differently:
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Defendants Granted Opportunity to Review and Object to Proposed Search Terms and Parameters Before Searches are Executed on Mirror Images of Defendants' Hard Drives

Verigy US, Inc. v. Mayder, 2007 WL 3144577 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 24, 2007) (Not for Citation)

In this misappropriation of trade secrets case, plaintiff had been granted leave to conduct some expedited discovery prior to the court’s hearing on plaintiff’s motion for preliminary injunction.  In addition, defendants had been ordered to preserve all evidence, including all information contained on their computer hard drives.

In this order, the court resolved plaintiff’s expedited motion to compel certain defendants to produce “bit-for-bit copies (i.e., mirror images) of all hard drives.”  The parties disagreed about how such inspection and production should proceed, and submitted differing proposed discovery protocols for the court to consider.

The court noted that, for the most part, the parties' protocols were virtually identical, and it appeared that defendants had adopted many of plaintiff's proposed provisions verbatim.  The main point of contention was whether defendants should be permitted an opportunity to review and object to any searches that plaintiff may wish to have the third party expert conduct.  Defendants proposed a two-tier protocol which (a) would permit discovery in areas that defendants deemed presumptively relevant; and (b) would allow plaintiff to request that the expert conduct other searches, subject to an opportunity by defendant to review and object to the proposed search requests.  Defendants expressed concern that plaintiff would propound unduly burdensome or otherwise abusive searches beyond the scope of permissible discovery under Rule 26:

At the motion hearing, it was suggested, somewhat facetiously, that Verigy might attempt to request a search for all documents with the letter "A." Indeed, documents submitted on supplemental briefing indicate that Verigy apparently has previously requested a search for all documents containing the letter "V" – a request which strikes this court as being patently overbroad.

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Finding Burden of Retention and Production Outweighs Benefit, Court Allows Recycling of Back Up Tapes

Gulfstream Worldwide Realty, Inc. v. Phillips Elecs. N. Am. Corp., 2007 WL 5685128 (D.N.M. Oct. 19, 2007)

In this case, arising out of a claim for a commission on the sale of a semiconductors plant, Phillips Electronics North America (“PENAC”) moved the court for a protective order to allow NXP Semiconductors USA, Inc., a non party, to erase and reuse backup tapes that potentially contained information relevant to the lawsuit.  NXP’s backup tapes are implicated by its relationship with Royal Phillips, PENAC’s parent company and the holder of a 19.9% interest in NXP, a company formed following Royal Phillips’s sale of its semiconductor business.  Many of the former employee’s of Royal Phillip’s semiconductor business went to work for NXP.

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Litigation Hold Notices Protected by Attorney-Client Privilege and Work Product Doctrine

In re eBay Seller Antitrust Litig., 2007 WL 2852364 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 2, 2007)

Plaintiffs moved for an interim preservation order because, in their view, defendant eBay had failed to disclose sufficient information regarding the efforts it was making to ensure that relevant ESI was preserved and collected.  Although the parties agreed that eBay would provide a witness to testify under Rule 30(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure regarding its ESI preservation and collection efforts, they disagreed about whether eBay must produce the “document retention notices” (“DRNs”) it sent out to approximately 600 of its employees, and whether eBay must disclose the names and job titles of those approximately 600 employees.

The court ruled that eBay need not produce copies of the DRNs, nor any information about matters contained therein that were privileged or constituted work product.  However, the court ruled that plaintiffs were entitled to inquire into the facts as to what the employees receiving the DRNs had done in response.  The court elaborated:
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Court Denies Motion to Compel Production of Plaintiff's Personal Computer

Benton v. Dlorah, Inc., 2007 WL 2225946 (D. Kan. Aug. 1, 2007)

In this employment discrimination case, defendants moved to compel plaintiff to provide complete responses to requests for production, to produce the hard drive of her personal computer for inspection and copying, and to stop destroying emails and other relevant evidence.  Defendants had requested all communications between plaintiff and defendant National American University or its employees, agents, or students.  Plaintiff produced some documents as part of her initial disclosures and in response to defendants’ discovery requests.  In subsequent discussions regarding the sufficiency of plaintiff’s production, plaintiff's counsel informed defense counsel that plaintiff had deleted email correspondence with her students and could not produce any additional emails beyond what she had already provided in her initial disclosures.  Prompted by concerns about recovering these emails, as well as the discovery responses, defendants requested that she produce the hard drive of her personal home computer to facilitate recovery of the deleted emails by a computer forensics specialist.  Plaintiff refused to produce her computer hard drive without an order of the court.  After further efforts to resolve the discovery dispute, defendants filed a motion to compel.

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Court Denies Non-Party's Motion to Quash Subpoena and Orders Production of Responsive ESI

Auto Club Family Ins. Co. v Ahner, 2007 WL 2480322 (E.D. La., Aug. 29, 2007)

Non-parties Rimkus Consulting Group, Inc. and Rimkus Consulting Group, Inc. (collectively "Rimkus") filed a motion to quash the subpoena duces tecum served on them by defendants Christopher and Jennifer Ahner (“the Ahners”), and for a protective order.  Rimkus had, on behalf of plaintiff Auto Club Family Insurance Company, investigated the hurricane-related damage to the Ahners' home that was the subject of the lawsuit.  Rimkus agreed to respond to the subpoena by producing a hard copy of its entire file concerning its investigation, but argued that it should not be required to produce its electronically stored information.

The court noted that Rules 26(c) and 45 governed the proceeding, and that, having sought a protective order, Rimkus had a burden to make “’a particular and specific demonstration of fact as distinguished from stereotyped and conclusory statements,’ in support of its motion.”  Considering each of Rimkus’s arguments in turn, the court denied the motion to quash the subpoena. Continue Reading...

Court Orders Additional Efforts be Undertaken to Locate ESI, Denies Plaintiff's Request for Access to Defendant's Internal Databases

Butler v. Kmart Corp., 2007 WL 2406982 (N.D. Miss. Aug. 20, 2007)

In this order, the court considered plaintiff’s motion to compel Kmart to respond to several discovery requests.  The court granted the motion in part, and denied it in part.

Two of the issues considered by the court touched directly on the discovery of electronically stored information (“ESI”).  One of plaintiff’s complaints in the motion was the dearth information produced by Kmart in response to a particular set of RFPs.  The court observed that while counsel must make a reasonable effort to ensure their client has produced all the documents responsive to a discovery request, “a party cannot be expected to produce information that no longer exists.”  The court found that the affidavits submitted by Kmart describing their unsuccessful efforts to locate tangible items at various store locations indicated “no evidence that Kmart has failed to make a diligent search,” and declined to order additional searches for tangible items.  However, after noting that Kmart was also obligated to produce ESI relevant to the requests at issue, the court found that Kmart’s efforts in that regard were less clear, and ordered additional steps be undertaken:

It is less clear whether Kmart acted with similar diligence in search its electronically stored information.  In fact, Kmart mentions very little about whether it conducted searches in its various computer systems for documents responsive to the various discovery requests.  Absent some valid objection, it is clear that Kmart must produce electronically stored information, if it exists, responsive to the plaintiff's discovery request.

At this point, without nothing more from Kmart on this matter, the court will compel its production of electronically stored information responsive to plaintiff's various requests.  Once again, Kmart will conduct a thorough search of its computer systems and will provide the plaintiff with any electronically stored information responsive to the request or, alternatively, with responses (and accompanying affidavits, if necessary) demonstrating its diligent search of its computer systems.

(Italics in original.)

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Sanctions Warranted for Defendant's "Purposefully Sluggish" Discovery Efforts and Failure to Produce "Usable" or "Reasonably Accessible" Documents

In re Seroquel Prods. Liab. Litig., 244 F.R.D. 650 (M.D. Fla. 2007)

In this opinion, United States Magistrate Judge David A. Barker considered Plaintiffs’ motion for sanctions based on the failure of defendant AstraZeneca (“AZ”) to timely comply with various discovery obligations.

In April 2007, Plaintiffs had filed a motion to compel completed production of various items listed in the case management order (“CMO”) entered January 2007.  (For a summary of the related opinion discussing the CMO, click here).  The motion was denied without prejudice by the court, to allow the parties to confer “in good faith and in extenso” on the issues raised in the motion to compel.   At the same time, the court scheduled an evidentiary hearing on the motion, warning the parties:

ANY PARTY WHOSE CONDUCT NECESSITATES THE EVIDENTIARY HEARING SHOULD EXPECT THE IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS FOR ANY UNREASONABLE OR INAPPROPRIATE CONDUCT OR POSITION TAKEN WITH RESPECT TO THESE MATTERS.

(Capitals and bold in original.)

The evidentiary hearing was ultimately canceled after the parties filed a Joint Statement of Resolved Issues and Notice that a Hearing is Not Required.  Plaintiffs agreed to the Joint Statement and Notice based on AZ’s representations that it would correct the faults described by Plaintiffs in their original motion to compel.  When the corrections were not made, Plaintiffs filed this motion for sanctions.

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Court Orders Solicitation of Bids From Forensic Computer Technicians to Assess Whether the Search and Restoration of Additional Data From Defendant's Company Computers is Justified Under FRCP 26(b)(2)(C)

Peskoff v. Faber, 244 F.R.D. 54 (D.D.C. 2007)

In this opinion, United States Magistrate Judge John M. Facciola continued attempts to resolve ongoing discovery issues in Plaintiff Jonathan Peskoff’s suit to recover damages for financial injury resulting from Defendant Michael Faber's operation of a venture capital fund, called NextPoint Partners, LP.  Peskoff and Faber were managing members of NextPoint GP, LLC ("NextPoint "), the general partner of the venture capital fund.  Peskoff left NextPoint in January 2004 and filed an action against Faber shortly after.

In discovery, Peskoff sought documents, including email from his time at NextPoint Management. Faber’s initial productions of email and other documents did not include any emails that Peskoff received or authored between mid-2001 and mid-2003.  In a previous ruling centering on the missing data, the court noted that the unresolved issue was whether such emails still existed and could be located, and whether the efforts made to date to locate them had been adequate.  The court had ordered the Defendant to conduct additional searches for any email involving Peskoff, and to submit a sworn statement and provide testimony at an evidentiary hearing on the nature and adequacy of such searches.  (For additional background information, click on the links to see summaries of two previous orders in this case related to this issue, entered July 2006 and February 2007).

In this opinion, the court noted that Faber had failed to appear at the subsequent evidentiary hearing, and that this failure to comply with the court’s previous order would be construed against him.  The court then relied on the testimony made by others at the hearing, and on other available information, and concluded that the production to date raised many questions regarding its completion and the sufficiency of the searches performed.  The court also concluded that any additional searches would require additional resources beyond the tools available to NextPoint.

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Court Allows Summoned Attorneys to Be Represented by Counsel, and Grants Extension for Hearing on Order to Show Cause Why Sanctions Should Not Be Imposed

Qualcomm Inc. v. Broadcom Corp., No. 05-CV-1958-B (BLM), United States District Court for the Southern District of California

The lawyers who represented Qualcomm in this unsuccessful patent litigation, who on August 13, 2007 were ordered to appear today to show cause (“OSC”) why sanctions should not be imposed against them for failure to comply with the Court’s orders, will not be appearing in court today after all.  Magistrate Judge Barbara Lynn Major has granted the lawyers’ applications to extend the August 22, 2007 filing date for declarations regarding the imposition of sanctions and the August 29, 2007 OSC hearing date.  In their applications, the lawyers acknowledged that the “OSC raises complex and very serious issues that potentially impact the legal careers of the lawyers who are the subject of the OSC,” and explained that additional time was needed to get the lawyers’ newly-hired attorneys up to speed on the record and the issues, and adequately prepare for the OSC.  Finding that good cause was shown, the Court granted the applications and extended the deadline for filing declarations to Friday, September 21, 2007, and moved the hearing date to Friday, October 12, 2007 at 9:30 a.m.

In related rulings, Magistrate Judge Major agreed to allow the lawyers to be represented by their own counsel for purposes of responding to the OSC.  The HellerErhman lawyers will be represented by Kirby Noonan Lance & Hoge LLP of San Diego, and the lawyers from Day Casebeer Madrid & Batchelder will be represented by Shartsis Friese LLP of San Francisco. 

As noted in our August 13, 2007 post, the Order to Show Cause was issued days after District Court Judge Rudi M. Brewster entered a 54-page Order on Remedy for Finding of Waiver.  There, the District Judge found “by clear and convincing evidence that Qualcomm[’s] counsel participated in an organized program of litigation misconduct and concealment throughout discovery, trial, and post-trial before new counsel took over lead role in the case on April 27, 2007.”  Among other things, the Court highlighted Qualcomm’s production of over 200,000 pages of highly relevant emails and electronic documents four months post-trial.

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Information Temporarily Stored in Computer's Random Access Memory ("RAM") Constitutes "Electronically Stored Information" under FRCP 34(a)

Columbia Pictures, Inc. v. Bunnell, 245 F.R.D. 443 (C.D. Cal. 2007)

In this opinion, the district court denied defendants’ motion for review of a prior discovery order that required defendants to begin preserving and subsequently produce certain data held in the random access memory (RAM) of defendants’ computer servers.  The court noted that, at the heart of defendants' motion for review was a question of first impression:  Is the information held in a computer's random access memory (RAM) "electronically stored information" under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 34?  The court concluded that it is: 

Defendants and amici seek to engraft on the definition of “stored” an additional requirement, that the information be not just stored, but stored “for later retrieval.”  They argue that “electronically stored information” cannot include information held in RAM because the period of storage, which may be as much as six hours, is too temporary.  The Court finds this interpretation of “stored” unsupported by the text of the Rule, the accompanying commentary of its drafters, or Ninth Circuit precedent involving RAM.  The Court holds that data stored in RAM, however temporarily, is electronically stored information subject to discovery under the circumstances of the instant case.

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Spoliation Sanctions Not Warranted for Failure to Preserve Temporary Cache Files

Healthcare Advocates, Inc. v. Harding, Earley, Follmer & Frailey, 2007 WL 2085358 (E.D. Pa. July 20, 2007)

Healthcare Advocates was the plaintiff in an earlier lawsuit that asserted claims for trademark infringement and misappropriation of trade secrets against a competitor.  The Harding firm represented the defendants in that lawsuit, which was dismissed on summary judgment.  This civil action arose out of events that occurred in the pre-discovery phase of the underlying litigation.

After receiving the complaint, the Harding firm investigated the facts behind the allegations.  Employees of the Harding firm accessed a website operated by the Internet Archive (www.archive.org), and viewed archived screenshots of Healthcare Advocates' website via a tool contained on Internet Archive's website called the Wayback Machine.  The Wayback Machine allowed the Harding firm to see what Healthcare Advocates' public website looked like prior to the date the complaint was filed in the underlying litigation.  Viewing the content that Healthcare Advocates had included on its public website in the past was very useful to the Harding firm in assessing the merits of the claims brought against their clients.  The Harding firm printed copies of each archived screenshot of Healthcare Advocates' public website that they viewed via the Wayback Machine, and used the images used during the course of the underlying litigation.  However, the Harding firm did not actively save any of the screenshots they viewed onto their computer hard drives.

Healthcare Advocates later sued the Harding firm, claiming among other things that the firm had infringed on its copyright rights by viewing and printing copies of the archived images of the Healthcare Advocates' web pages, by unknowingly saving copies of these web pages in temporary files known as caches, and by distributing the images to their co-counsel in the underlying litigation.  It further alleged that the Harding firm was guilty of “hacking.”

In this opinion, the court granted defendant’s motion for summary judgment, finding that the Harding firm’s infringing use was excusable under the fair use doctrine.  The court further rejected Healthcare Advocates’ request for spoliation sanctions based on defendant’s failure to preserve the temporary cache files.

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Rule 37(f) Safe Harbor Provision Requires a Routine System in Place and Some Affirmative Action by Party to Prevent System from Destroying or Altering Information

Doe v. Norwalk Community College, 2007 WL 2066497 (D. Conn. July 16, 2007)

In this case, plaintiff Jane Doe sued Norwalk Community College ("NCC") and Ronald Masi claiming she was sexually assaulted by Masi, a former professor at the college.  Doe filed her complaint in November 2004, and in March 2006, Doe moved to compel the inspection of certain electronic records possessed by NCC.  The court granted the motion in July 2006, and permitted plaintiff’s expert to inspect certain NCC computers.  Based upon her expert's findings, Doe moved for sanctions, seeking an adverse inference with regard to electronic files which she claimed the defendants destroyed.

Specifically, Doe claimed that the hard drives of key witnesses had been scrubbed or completely wiped of data.  Further, her expert found inconsistencies in the mailboxes of four individuals that suggested to him that data had been altered, destroyed or filtered.  For example, one witness’s PST file contained no Deleted Items and only one Sent Item and the Inbox and Sent Items contained data starting August 2004, even though other activity was present starting in 2002.  In addition, Doe presented evidence that the retention policy issued by the State Library, which provided for a two-year retention with respect to electronic correspondence, governed NCC, and that this policy was not followed with respect to the hard drives of the computers of faculty members who left the college. Continue Reading...

District Court Strikes Scheduling Order Provision that Shifted Costs of E-Discovery to Plaintiffs

Pipefitters Local No. 636 Pension Fund v. Mercer Human Res. Consulting, Inc., 2007 WL 2080365 (E.D. Mich. July 19, 2007)

In this brief order on plaintiffs’ objections to an amended scheduling order entered by the magistrate judge, the district court struck that portion of the amended scheduling order shifting the costs of electronic discovery to plaintiffs:

Without a motion pending, the Magistrate Judge ordered that plaintiffs would be required to pay for restoring electronic data, if such was sought by them from defendant.  Under the electronically stored information amendment to Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(b)(2)(B), the party from whom discovery is sought must show that the information is not reasonably accessible because of undue burden or cost.  The court may order discovery if the requesting party shows good cause, but may specify conditions for the discovery.  Due to the lack of a record it is not apparent that the Magistrate Judge engaged in the proper analysis before shifting the cost of discovery to plaintiffs.

Plaintiffs' motion to strike the Magistrate's order as it pertains to the costs of electronically stored information is GRANTED.  If the same issue is raised by motion, the analysis set forth in Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(b)(2)(B) will control the outcome.

Attachment of Protected Email to Service Copies of Motion Requesting its Return Constitutes Deliberate Disclosure to Adversaries, Waiving Any Privilege

Kingsway Fin. Servs., Inc. v. Pricewaterhouse-Coopers LLP, 2007 WL 1837133 (S.D.N.Y. June 27, 2007)

In this securities case, the parties had entered into a protective order which provided, among other things, that the inadvertent production of purportedly privileged documents would not operate as a waiver of any applicable privilege.  In August 2006, plaintiff produced an April 25, 2003 email and attached memorandum sent from an executive of plaintiff Kingsway to Kingsway's counsel as part of a production of electronic documents.  In November 2006, defendant John Dore attached a copy of the April 25, 2003 email to a motion for reconsideration of a decision denying summary judgment in a related action pending in Illinois state court.  Four days later, plaintiff submitted a letter to the District Court for the Southern District of New York requesting the return of all copies of the April 25, 2003 email on the ground that it was protected by the attorney-client privilege and had been produced inadvertently.  Plaintiff filed the December 4, 2006 letter to the court under seal.  However, plaintiff attached a copy of the April 25, 2003 email to the service copies of the December 4, 2006 letter, thereby disclosing the contents of the email and the attachment to the defendants once again.

The court thereafter directed all defendants, including Dore, to return all copies of the disputed email, to destroy any documents disclosing its contents, to use best efforts to retrieve any such documents filed with any court, and to make no use of the email pending further order of the court. Continue Reading...

Government's "Reckless Disregard" of Preservation Duty Warrants Spoliation Sanctions

United Med. Supply Co., Inc. v. United States, 77 Fed. Cl. 257 (2007)

In this decision, the United States Court of Federal Claims imposed sanctions against the United States based upon its “reckless disregard of its duty to preserve relevant evidence.”  The court opened its lengthy opinion and order with the following passage:

“One man's trash is another man's treasure.”

Aside perhaps from perjury, no act serves to threaten the integrity of the judicial process more than the spoliation of evidence.  Our adversarial process is designed to tolerate human failings – erring judges can be reversed, uncooperative counsel can be shepherded, and recalcitrant witnesses compelled to testify.  But, when critical documents go missing, judges and litigants alike descend into a world of ad hocery and half measures – and our civil justice system suffers.

To guard against this, each party in litigation is solemnly bound to preserve potentially relevant evidence.  In this government contract case, defendant violated that duty not once or twice—but repeatedly, over many years, and in sundry ways, leading to the destruction of many admittedly relevant documents.  Most disturbingly, some of these documents were destroyed even after the court conducted its first spoliation hearing.  While defendant apologizes profusely for what it claims is the “negligence” of some of its employees and for making repeated misstatements to the court as to the steps that were being taken to prevent spoliation, it, nonetheless, asseverates that the court should not—indeed, cannot—impose spoliation sanctions because defendant did not proceed in bad faith.  While defendant may be wrong in asserting that it acted in good faith, it most certainly is wrong in thinking that it can recklessly disregard its obligations to preserve evidence without legal consequence.

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Court Declines to Order Municipality to Issue Litigation Hold

Valdez v. Town of Brookhaven, 2007 WL 1988792 (E.D.N.Y. July 5, 2007)

In this discrimination case, the court decided a number of discovery issues, including plaintiffs' request that the defendants be directed to send out a litigation hold to the relevant Town employees to preserve records.  Denying the request, the court provided a brief explanation:

[T]he plaintiffs request that the court direct defense counsel to send out a litigation hold to the relevant Town employees to preserve records as well as to conduct a good faith investigation into what documents (electronic or otherwise) may have already been destroyed.  The apparent basis for this request is a conversation during which defense counsel reportedly advised that the "Town has a history of terrible record keeping."  Defense counsel denies any such conversation occurred.  The law is clear that there is an obligation to preserve evidence "when the party has notice that the evidence is relevant to litigation or when a party should have known that the evidence may be relevant to future litigation", see Zubulake v. UBS Warburg, LLC, 220 F.R.D. 212, 216 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) (citing Fujitsu Ltd. v. Federal Express Corp., 247 F.3d 423, 436 (2d Cir. 2001); Kronish v. United States, 150 F.3d 112, 126 (2d Cir. 1998)).  To the extent, however, plaintiffs seek a preservation order that request is denied.  Preservation orders are burdensome and expensive and in the absence of a clear need should not be lightly entered.  See, e.g., Treppel v. Biovail Corp., 233 F.R.D. 363, 370-71 (S.D.N.Y. 2006).

WTC Insurer and Its Counsel Hit with E-Discovery Sanctions

In re Sept. 11th Liab. Ins. Coverage Cases, 2007 WL 1739666 (S.D.N.Y. June 18, 2007)

The perils of e-discovery once again made headlines last month – this time in connection with the insurance coverage battles resulting from the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center.  On June 18, United States District Judge Alvin K. Hellerstein, for the Southern District of New York, sanctioned Zurich American Insurance Company (“Zurich”) and its counsel, the law firms of Wiley Rein LLP and Coughlin Duffy LLP, $1.25 million upon finding that Zurich (i) asserted unsupported defenses, (ii) deleted electronic evidence, and (iii) delayed the production of a 62-page insurance policy (“the 9/11 document”) and other relevant documents.

At the heart of this complex insurance coverage action is the question whether the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (“Port Authority”) and Westfield Corporation, Inc. (“Westfield”) are named insureds under a general liability policy issued to World Trade Center Properties LLP (“WTCP”).  Zurich alleged that they were not.  Zurich ultimately changed its position, however, when it produced documents that proved otherwise, long after those documents were first requested.  These critical documents were in Zurich’s counsel’s possession for almost three years before they were produced.  Concerned about the appearance of pleading and discovery abuses, the Court permitted the Port Authority and Westfield to seek sanctions under Rules 11 and 37 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

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Court Selects Search Terms and Sets Out Detailed Electronic Discovery Protocol in Light of Parties' Inability to Collaborate

Williams v. Taser Int’l, Inc., 2007 WL 1630875 (N.D. Ga. June 4, 2007)

The court in this wrongful death case had previously held a hearing on outstanding discovery issues, and had directed each party to submit a proposed protocol to govern electronic discovery in the case.  Based on the parties' filings, their representations during the hearing, as well as their submissions of electronic discovery protocols, the court entered this order resolving a variety of discovery disputes.

On the subject of electronic discovery, the court noted that a number of issues had arisen with respect to Taser's search of electronic databases of internal communications.  In particular, the parties substantially disagreed about the manner in which the searches for responsive documents contained within these databases were to be performed.  The disagreement focused in large part on the timing of that production, the specific search terms to be used, and the extent to which plaintiffs would be allowed to participate in the search process.

Plaintiffs, for their part, requested that they be permitted to actively participate in the search process at the Taser facility.  Under plaintiffs' proposal, Taser would make a computer with multiple screens available at its facilities, where plaintiffs' counsel would appear and provide search requests to the Taser representative actually performing the database searches.  The results of each of plaintiffs' requested searches would be immediately reviewed for privilege, and plaintiffs would then be provided access to any documents returned and to which no privilege objection was asserted.

Defendants adamantly opposed plaintiffs' proposal, contending that plaintiffs' counsel need not be present at Taser's facilities, that their presence would both substantially hinder Taser's ongoing business activities and risk the disclosure of privileged information.  Taser instead proposed that search terms be exchanged between the parties by email.  Taser would then perform the searches using the stated terms, and report the number of documents retrieved to plaintiffs, who would then have the opportunity to either accept the search or propose different search terms.  If both parties accepted a given search, Taser would then review the documents produced for privilege and produce all responsive, non-privileged documents.  If, however, the parties disputed whether a given search was acceptable, then either could apply to the court for review, and all searches would cease until the court rendered a decision. Continue Reading...

"Willful Indifference" to Preservation Obligations Warrants Evidentiary and Monetary Sanctions

Google Inc. v. Am. Blind & Wallpaper Factory, Inc., 2007 WL 1848665 (N.D. Cal. June 27, 2007)

In this trademark litigation, Google sought terminating, evidentiary, or monetary sanctions based on the alleged failure of defendant American Blind to preserve, collect, and produce evidence.  Google's motion was premised on two types of alleged misconduct:  First, Google contended that American Blind made inadequate efforts to preserve, collect, and produce relevant evidence.  Second, Google contended that in May of 2006, American Blind's founder and CEO, Steve Katzman, intentionally destroyed evidence when he “voluntarily resigned” from his position and erased electronic data from certain computers.

Google served American Blind with summons and the complaint in this action seeking declaratory relief in December of 2003.  The presiding judge had previously ruled that a justiciable controversy arose between the parties no later June of 2002, when counsel for American Blind sent Google a “cease and desist” letter that portended litigation.  Thus, the court found that American Blind's duty to preserve relevant evidence arose no later than December of 2003, and likely arose some eighteen months earlier. American Blind did not argue to the contrary.

With respect to the first basis for the motion, Google made a factual showing that: Continue Reading...

RAM and FRCP 34 Lock Horns

In a June 19, 2007 article in the New York Law Journal (subscription required), and a June 27, 2007 article appearing on www.law.com, K&L Gates partner Kelly D. Talcott writes:

A recent e-discovery decision from the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California provides an opportunity to reflect a bit on the permanence of storage media.  It has also inspired debate as to when temporarily stored information becomes "electronically stored information" that needs to be preserved and, where relevant, produced in response to discovery requests.

The May 27, 2007, order directs defendants in an ongoing copyright infringement lawsuit to collect and produce information stored in the random-access memory of their servers.

Depending on the ideological and topical bent of the commentator, this decision (a) heralds a substantial victory in the war against copyright infringement; (b) sounds the death knell for Internet user privacy, or (c) could require anyone involved in a lawsuit to turn over information stored by their computers' RAM hardware.  Closer inspection of the federal magistrate judge's decision reveals the correct answer is probably (d) none of the above.

The article relates to the case of Columbia Pictures Industries v. Bunnell, CV 06-1093 FMC (JCx), U.S. District Court for the Central District of California. 

For those interested in reading the Court's now-unsealed order that is the subject of the article, it is available here.

2006 E-Discovery Amendments Do Not Require Forensic Computer Search as a Matter of Course; Court Orders Parties to Meet and Confer on Certain Issues

Scotts Co. LLC v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 2007 WL 1723509 (S.D. Ohio June 12, 2007)

In this case, plaintiff asked the court to enter a discovery order to "ensure the production of all electronically stored information in an acceptable format as required by law and the most recent amendments to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure."  Plaintiff also sought to compel the re-production of ESI previously produced by defendant in hard copy form, and to compel the production of deleted documents.

Forensic Search 
Plaintiff first contended that, pursuant to the 2006 amendments to Fed. R. Civ. P. 34, it was entitled to an order that would require defendant to allow a forensic expert to search defendant's computer systems, network servers and databases and would require defendant to provide back up tapes of certain information systems.  Plaintiff offered to pay the cost of the forensic expert and to allow defendant ten days to review the data for privilege before any production was made.  Defendant objected, arguing that the 2006 amendments required no such discovery order as a matter of course.  The court agreed with defendant, and observed:
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Court Enters Detailed Agreed Order Regarding Preservation of ESI, Documents and Other Tangible Items

In re Genetically Modified Rice Litig., 2007 WL 1655757 (E.D. Mo. June 5, 2007)

This order constitutes the parties’ Agreed Order Regarding Preservation of Communications, Documents, Electronic Data, and Other Tangible Items, intended to govern the parties’ preservation efforts in these consolidated MDL proceedings.  The Agreed Order contains two parts: a lengthy definitional section and a section setting out specific preservation obligations.  The latter section provides that the preservation obligations set forth in the Order apply to currently-existing evidence within the parties' possession, custody, or control, as well as evidence "generated, produced, or otherwise created in the future during the pendency of this Action until an agreement can be reached among the Parties regarding a cutoff date.”  It further provides:  “Notwithstanding any other provision of this Order, persons may generate business documents without preserving dictation, drafts, interim versions or other temporary compilations of information if such documents would not have been preserved in the ordinary course of business.” 

The Agreed Order further provides:

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Magistrate Judge Facciola Orders Production of Email from Backup Tapes in Light of Party's Failure to Suspend Email System's Automatic Deletion Feature

Disability Rights Council of Greater Wash. v. Wash. Metro. Area Transit Auth., 2007 WL 1585452 (D.D.C. June 1, 2007)

In this case, disabled plaintiffs claimed that WMATA failed to provide adequate paratransit services through the MetroAccess program and that the service provided was materially inferior to the services available to people without disabilities.  Discovery was heavily litigated, and Magistrate Judge John M. Facciola addressed several discovery motions in this opinion, one of which related to the production of email from backup tapes.

Specifically, plaintiffs sought an order requiring WMATA to produce backup tapes of certain electronic documents written and received since the filing of the lawsuit.  Plaintiffs argued that WMATA had failed to properly instruct employees to retain potentially responsive electronic documents and therefore should pay to create the backup tapes.  “Remarkably, although the complaint in this case was filed on March 25, 2004, WMATA acknowledges it did nothing to stop its email system from obliterating all emails after sixty days until, at the earliest, June of 2006.”  WMATA presented testimony that its email system was programmed with an automatic deletion feature that deleted any email after it had been in existence for sixty days, without regard to whether the email was unread, in a folder that the sender or recipient has created, or in the user's "Sent" or "Trash" folders.  Further, while the user could defeat the feature by archiving the email, i.e., placing it in a location of the user's choosing in an encrypted format, the majority of WMATA employees apparently did not do this.  “As a result, with the exception of three individuals, there has been a universal purging of all possibly relevant and discoverable emails every sixty days at least since the complaint was filed three years ago.” Continue Reading...

Court Denies Plaintiff Direct Access to Mirror Images of Defendants' Hard Drives; Defense Expert to Conduct Forensic Search with Ongoing Input from Plaintiff and Plaintiff's Expert

Calyon v. Mizuho Secs. USA Inc., 2007 WL 1468889 (S.D.N.Y. May 18, 2007)

This case involved claims against former employees (the “Individual Defendants”) and their new employer for the misappropriation of confidential business information.  According to Calyon, the Individual Defendants used email and small, hand-held computer storage devices to remove vast quantities of Calyon’s business data and documents.  Plaintiff and the Individual Defendants reached an agreement to preserve the hard drives of the Individual Defendants’ personal computers and computer storage devices by creating “mirror images” of them.  However, the parties were unable to reach agreement on the protocol for reviewing the mirror images, and sought the court’s assistance.
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Search and Production Costs of $7,200 Render Non-Party's Ordinary ESI "Not Reasonably Accessible Due to Undue Burden"

Guy Chem. Co. v. Romaco AG, 2007 WL 1521468 (N.D. Ind. May 22, 2007)

In this breach of contract case, plaintiff Guy Chemical sought damages for, among other things, the loss of business from third parties.  Defendant Romaco subpoenaed records from ABRO Industries, Inc., a customer of plaintiff, to learn how much of ABRO’s business plaintiff had lost.  Specifically, Romaco sought correspondence, orders, cancelled orders, or orders that could not be filled between Guy Chemical and ABRO.  Apparently, most of the requested information was stored electronically by ABRO.  ABRO informed Romaco that it used an outside computer firm to handle its electronic data, and that it would have to determine how to search for the records.  ABRO subsequently advised Romaco that the final cost for searching and producing the requested records would be $7,200.  ABRO did not object to producing the material sought, but requested that Romaco pay the cost of production.  Romaco moved to compel, arguing that ABRO was being unreasonable by requiring payment for the cost of production as a condition precedent to production.
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City Barely Avoids Spoliation Sanctions and Receives Harsh Reprimand

Doctor John's, Inc. v. City of Sioux City, 486 F. Supp. 2d 953 (N.D. Iowa 2007)

Although the parties settled their respective claims, the court retained jurisdiction over the question of whether or not sanctions should be imposed upon the City for the destruction, during the pendency of litigation, of recordings of City Council closed sessions concerning the ordinances challenged in the case.  The court held a conference on the matter and received further information about changes made to the City's policy regarding retention of recordings of closed sessions of the City Council.

The court began its analysis by remarking:

A first year law student should have--and most would have--known that a party must retain documents or records that are likely to be relevant in pending litigation.  The City's claim that it was simply following state law in destroying key evidence is laughable and frivolous.  No state or federal statute, rule, or common law allows a party to destroy critical evidence during the pendency of litigation, and the City policy that permitted destruction of certain documents after a specified period of time certainly did not require destruction of such documents.

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Court Sets Out Detailed Guidelines for Discovery of ESI, Adapting "Suggested Protocol" of the District of Maryland

O'Bar v. Lowe's Home Centers, Inc., 2007 WL 1299180 (W.D.N.C. May 2, 2007)

This is a putative class action in which the plaintiffs allege they were discriminated against because they were not minorities or females.  Finding that plaintiffs were entitled to limited precertification discovery, the court ordered the parties, pursuant to Rule 26(f), to jointly prepare and submit to the court a specific and detailed precertification discovery plan.  Based upon the previous disputes between the parties, the court stated it anticipated issues arising as to the discovery of data through various types of computer programs maintained by defendant.  Thus, in order to assist the parties in conducting discovery of electronically stored information (“ESI”), the court set out detailed guidelines that would govern the parties.  The guidelines were adapted from the “Suggested Protocol for Discovery of Electronically Stored Information” set forth by the United States District Court for the District of Maryland.

The court encouraged the parties to discuss the following subjects, in preparing the precertification discovery plan:
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Chief U.S. Magistrate Judge Grimm Provides Detailed Analysis of Evidentiary Issues Associated with Electronic Evidence

Lorraine v. Markel Am. Ins. Co., 241 F.R.D. 534 (D. Md. 2007)

In this case, the parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment but failed to comply with the requirement of Rule 56 that they support their motions with admissible evidence.  Chief United States Magistrate Judge Paul W. Grimm denied both motions without prejudice to allow resubmission with proper evidentiary support.  In this lengthy memorandum opinion, Magistrate Judge Grimm remarks that, although cases abound regarding the discoverability of electronic records, research failed to locate a comprehensive analysis of the many interrelated evidentiary issues associated with electronic evidence.  “Given the pervasiveness today of electronically prepared and stored records, as opposed to the manually prepared records of the past, counsel must be prepared to recognize and appropriately deal with the evidentiary issues associated with the admissibility of electronically generated and stored evidence.”  Magistrate Judge Grimm describes five distinct but interrelated evidentiary issues that govern whether electronic evidence will be admitted into evidence at trial or accepted as an exhibit in summary judgment practice, and counsels:

Although each of these rules may not apply to every exhibit offered, as was the case here, each still must be considered in evaluating how to secure the admissibility of electronic evidence to support claims and defenses.  Because it can be expected that electronic evidence will constitute much, if not most, of the evidence used in future motions practice or at trial, counsel should know how to get it right on the first try.  The Court hopes that the explanation provided in this memorandum order will assist in that endeavor.

View the full opinion on the court’s website, here.

Court Uses Marginal Utility Test to Deny Motion to Compel Production of Deleted Emails from Backup Tapes

Oxford House, Inc. v. City of Topeka, 2007 WL 1246200 (D. Kan. Apr. 27, 2007)

This litigation arose from the City of Topeka's decision to deny plaintiff’s request for conditional use permits.  Plaintiff propounded interrogatories seeking information related to the City’s decision on the permits, specifically requesting information about, among other things:  “Each and every communication related to the application expressed in instant messages, either saved on a data recording medium or not saved.”  In response, the City referred plaintiff to certain documents that had been produced.  Plaintiff asserted that the documents did not sufficiently respond to the interrogatory, and argued that the City failed to identify specific emails or ex parte electronic communications, resulting in an incomplete discovery response.  Plaintiff moved to compel further responses.  The City countered that:  (1) it possessed no additional documents or information responsive to the requests, and (2) the requests were unduly burdensome.  The court sided with the City on both arguments, and denied the motion to compel.
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Court Defers Ruling on Motion to Compel and Allows Rule 30(b)(6) Deposition of IT Designee Regarding Defendant's Email Deletion Policy and Procedures for Retrieving Deleted Emails

Wells v. Xpedx, 2007 WL 1200955 (M.D. Fla. Apr. 23, 2007)

In this employment discrimination case, plaintiff sought the production of email of seven Xpedx employees during various time periods.  Plaintiff contended that defendant implemented a new email deletion policy in 2003, under which emails were deleted within 90 days of creation, unless designated for retention.  Plaintiff asserted that, under defendant's policy, an email "that is automatically deleted by the system can not be restored except with the expressed consent of a member of the company's legal or tax departments."  Plaintiff further contended that defendant's archive system, "legal hold" folders, and defendant's permanent back-up computer system may contain copies of the requested emails.  Thus, plaintiff sought permission to take the deposition of defendant's corporate representative for information technology regarding defendant's email deletion policy and procedures for retrieving deleted emails.  Plaintiff argued that this would allow the parties to determine the existence of deleted emails and if defendant destroyed any evidence relating to plaintiff's claims.
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Eight Circuit Affirms Trial Court's Denial of Spoliation Sanctions Where No "Desire to Suppress the Truth" and No Prejudice Shown

Greyhound Lines, Inc. v. Wade, 2007 WL 1189451 (8th Cir. Apr. 24, 2007)

In this case, Greyhound Lines, Inc. sued Robert Wade and Archway Cookies, LLC (collectively Archway).  In August 2000, an Archway truck driven by Wade rear-ended a Greyhound bus on Interstate 80 in Nebraska.  After a bench trial, the district court apportioned fault at 85 percent to Archway and 15 percent to Greyhound.  Archway appealed, asserting, among other things, that the court erred in refusing to impose sanctions for alleged spoliation of electronic data. Continue Reading...

Court Orders Production of All Electronic Documents, Including Archived or Backup Emails and Electronic Files, for Key Players

Metro Wastewater Reclamation Dist. v. Alfa Laval, Inc., 2007 WL 1160012 (D. Colo. Apr. 19, 2007)

In this brief order, the court granted defendant’s motion to compel and ordered plaintiff to produce, among other things, certain plant data “in electronic format” and “all electronic documents, including the archived or back-up emails and electronic files for the Plaintiff's personnel involved with the Project who are specifically identified in [defendant’s] Requests for Production related to the processes and operation of the Plant.”

The case involved claims for breach of a procurement contract for failure to meet the guaranteed specifications, and counter-claims seeking declaratory judgment relief related the contract.  Plaintiff had argued that the requested discovery was irrelevant, overly broad, overly burdensome, and costly.  The court’s analysis was short -- it simply found that the requested discovery as outlined in the motion was relevant to the issues pending before the court and was discoverable under Fed. R. Civ. P. 26.

Destruction of Hard Drive by Defendant's Spouse Warrants Adverse Inference Instruction

World Courier v. Barone, 2007 WL 1119196 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 16, 2007)

In this misappropriation of trade secrets case, plaintiff moved for sanctions for spoliation of evidence based upon the admitted destruction of a hard drive containing a copy of plaintiff’s data by defendant Barone's husband, Jay Barone.  Plaintiff sought an adverse inference instruction and monetary sanctions consisting of compensation for the time and expense involved in the forensic examination of computer files, the time and costs associated with developing deposition testimony and document discovery, and attorney's fees associated with litigating the motion.  The court granted in part and deferred in part the motion.

The court rejected defendants’ argument that they could not be sanctioned because the spoliator, Mr. Barone, was not a party to the action.  The court stated that the argument lacked merit because it overlooked a party’s affirmative duty to preserve evidence.  The court stated the duty to preserve extends to evidence not directly within the party's custody or control so long as the party has access to or indirect control over such evidence.  The court found:

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Plaintiff's Disposal of "Crashed" Home Computer Warrants Adverse Inference Instruction

Teague v. Target Corp., 2007 WL 1041191 (W.D.N.C. Apr. 4, 2007)

In this employment litigation, defendant had asserted as an affirmative defense plaintiff’s failure to mitigate her damages.  During discovery, it was revealed that plaintiff owned a home computer from December 1995 until August 2004, which plaintiff had used to conduct her entire on-line job search after leaving defendant’s employ, including researching job opportunities on the Internet, submitting on-line employment applications, and exchanging emails with prospective employers.  Plaintiff also used the computer to send and receive emails regarding her termination and her claims of gender discrimination.  The computer was discarded approximately one year after plaintiff had retained regarding her prospective claims and after she filed her charge of discrimination with the EEOC. Plaintiff claimed that she discarded the computer because it "crashed.”  Plaintiff admitted that she never took the computer to any type of computer professional to see if it could be repaired.
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No Sanctions for Testifying Experts' Failure to Retain Drafts or Preserve Email to and from Counsel

Univ. of Pittsburgh v. Townsend, 2007 WL 1002317 (E.D. Tenn. Mar. 30, 2007)

In this case, the University of Pittsburgh alleged that defendants misappropriated the University's rights and interests in valuable medical scanning technology that the University alleged was developed collaboratively at its campus over the course of several years.  In addition to Daubert motions, defendants moved the court for an excluding the testimony of plaintiff’s proposed experts based on spoliation of evidence.  Specifically, defendants alleged that the experts, along with plaintiff’s counsel, admittedly destroyed copies of emails and draft expert reports.  Defendants argued that, as a result of the spoliation, they were unfairly prejudiced and denied the opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses as to counsel’s contributions to their expert reports.
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Defendant to Produce Email from Backup Tapes at Its Own Expense; Cost-Shifting May Be Ordered Later

In re Veeco Instruments, Inc. Sec. Litig., 2007 WL 983987 (S.D.N.Y. April 2, 2007)

In this securities class action, defendants resisted lead plaintiff's motion to compel production of email and other non-privileged documents.  Defendants argued that restoring the backup tapes and searches involved would be extraordinarily burdensome and costly, and that such costs should be shifted to plaintiff.  The court observed that, “[s]urprisingly,” the parties had not entered into an agreed protocol for electronic discovery, nor had they discussed the issue of searching backup tapes.  It also found that, given the lack of discussion on the subject, it would be unreasonable for plaintiff to assume that backup tapes were being searched.
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Evidentiary Hearing Required Before Court Can Order State Agency to Produce Email from Backup Tapes

Georgia Dept. of Agric. v. Griffin Ind., 2007 WL 805795 (Ga. Ct. App. Mar. 19, 2007)

In this case, Griffin Industries had sought records from the Georgia Department of Agriculture relating to its facilities’ emissions and odor issues, including relevant emails.  The Department produced documents, but advised that it did not “archive” its emails.  It stated that the only possible source of such information was a series of emergency computer backup tapes, which would be made available.  The parties then corresponded about taking the tapes out of daily backup circulation to avoid erasing data, and about who would pay for replacement tapes necessary to keep the Department’s backup procedures operational.
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Costs of Special Master Appointed to Manage Discovery of City's Computers to be Paid by City as Spoliation Sanction

Padgett v. City of Monte Sereno, 2007 WL 878575 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 20, 2007)

Plaintiffs in this litigation sued the city of Monte Sereno and several city employees for civil rights violations and other torts.  Among other things, plaintiffs alleged that certain city employees had sent plaintiffs an anonymous, threatening letter that included a newspaper article downloaded from the Internet.  One city employee (Rice) subsequently admitted to authoring and sending the threatening letter from her workstation at City Hall.  Although Rice indicated that she wrote the letter at her own direction without telling anyone about it, plaintiffs contended that Rice wrote the letter at the direction of other city employees, including the city manager (Loventhal).  To explore this allegation, plaintiffs moved to compel inspection of the city’s computers, printers and backup tapes.
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Though Relevant, Defendant's Litigation Hold Notices Were Protected From Discovery by Attorney-Client Privilege

Capitano v. Ford Motor Co., 831 N.Y.S.2d 687 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2007)

In this product liability case, plaintiffs sought production of defendant’s “suspension orders,” also known as "litigation hold notices."  Plaintiffs argued that the suspension orders should be produced in light of the fact that Ford was unable to produce certain documents.  Plaintiffs contended that, with access to the suspension orders, they would be able to determine if the documents in question were intentionally or negligently destroyed, or perhaps secure information which may lead to the discovery of the missing documents.
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Court Sustains Objections to Many Requests in Light of Burden Claimed, But Orders Production of Certain Documents in Electronic Format

Bolton v. Sprint/United Mgmt. Co., 2007 WL 756644 (D. Kan. Mar. 8, 2007)

This is an age discrimination case brought by thirteen individual plaintiffs, based upon a corporate reduction-in-force ("RIF") by defendants.  In this decision, the court ruled upon plaintiffs’ motion to compel defendants to produce certain documents, including databases and spreadsheets.  Among other objections, defendants argued that plaintiffs’ persistent demand for information in “native format” and metadata was troubling.  Defendants claimed that the phrase “native format,” as used by plaintiffs, was a misnomer, and in reality it simply meant that “if a document was created in an Excel software program, then it should be produced in Excel format.”  Defendants argued that this type of production implicated issues related to metadata, and that accessing electronic information to produce it in native format may actually destroy information that might otherwise be gleaned from metadata.  In addition, defendants argued that production of metadata would reveal privileged information, and would not be relevant to plaintiffs’ claims.  Finally, defendants argued that it would be difficult and time-consuming to devise a manner of production that would ensure that the information appeared in the same state it existed at the time the document was originally utilized, or to ensure active cells were not changed post-production.  They claimed the burden and risk associated with native production far surpassed the benefits, which were minimal, if any, and which were unarticulated by plaintiffs.
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Court Orders Defendant to Restore One-Fourth of Its Backup Tapes, at Defendant's Expense, Given Gaps in Production

AAB Joint Venture v. United States, 75 Fed. Cl. 432 (Fed. Cl. 2007)

In this construction litigation involving claims for additional compensation based on differing site conditions, plaintiff moved to compel discovery.  Plaintiff noted that defendant had identified in its discovery responses numerous individuals who were active in the review of the project design, and who were known to have generated email related to the subject matter of the litigation.  However, defendant had produced few if any emails from these individuals, and for the six individuals for whom emails were produced, there were gaps in the production.

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Defendant to Certify it Produced All Responsive Documents, Where Deposition Testimony Cast Doubt on Counsel's Diligence in Monitoring Production Efforts

School-Link Techs., Inc. v. Applied Res., Inc., 2007 WL 708213 (D. Kan. Feb. 28, 2007)

In this contract case, plaintiff sought entry of judgment and other sanctions based upon defendant's failure to implement a litigation hold to preserve relevant documents in the custody of one of its key employees, and its alleged failure to search for and produce responsive documents. Magistrate Judge David J. Waxse granted the motion in part.
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Equivocal Demand Letters Did Not Trigger Duty to Preserve; No Duty To Run System-Wide Key Word Searches

Cache La Poudre Feeds, LLC v. Land O' Lakes, Inc., 2007 WL 684001 (D. Colo. Mar. 2, 2007)

In this trademark infringement case, plaintiff sought various forms of relief for defendants’ alleged discovery violations, including the appointment of a special master (at defendants' expense) who would be charged with evaluating defendants’ discovery production efforts and, if necessary, directing “completion of full and thorough efforts to locate and produce all documentation in all forms available.” Plaintiff also sought additional depositions on the issue of spoliation and attorneys fees and costs, among other things. The court denied most of the requests, but concluded that a $5,000 monetary sanction was appropriate based upon defendants’ failure to preserve the hard drives of departed employees and failure to confirm the accuracy and completeness of its discovery production.
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Holding that Accessible Data Must be Produced at the Cost of the Producing Party, Court Orders Defendant to Conduct Further Email Search

Peskoff v. Faber, 240 F.R.D. 26 (D.D.C. 2007)

A previous e-discovery order in this case dated July 11, 2006, was summarized here. At that time, the parties had disagreed about whether certain additional emails existed. Magistrate Judge John M. Facciola had explained that the requested emails, “if they exist, could be located in one or more of several places: (1) Peskoff’s NextPoint Management email account; (2) the email accounts of other employees, agents, officers and representatives of the NextPoint entities; (3) the hard drive of Peskoff’s computer or any other depository for NextPoint emails, searchable with key words; (4) other places within Peskoff’s computer, such as its ‘slack space,’ searchable with the help of a computer forensic technologies; and (5) backup tapes of Mintz Levin’s servers.” In the previous order, the court had ordered defendant to submit an affidavit describing in detail the nature and scope of its search for responsive electronically stored information.

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Court Sets Out Imaging, Recovery and Disclosure Protocols for Imaging of Defendants' Computer Equipment by Plaintiff's Computer Forensics Expert

Cenveo Corp. v. Slater, 2007 WL 442387 (E.D. Pa. Jan. 31, 2007)

In this case, plaintiff alleged that its former employees improperly used plaintiff's computers, confidential information and trade secrets to divert business from plaintiff to defendants. In discovery, the parties disputed how and under what circumstances materials on hard drives in defendants' possession would be produced to plaintiff. Plaintiff sought to use a mirror or digital imaging method, in which a digital image of the hard drives would be created and turned over to a third party forensic computer expert of plaintiff's choosing, who would then search the image for relevant information. Plaintiff further proposed that, to avoid any disclosure of privileged information, defendants should provide a privilege log to plaintiff's third party forensic expert, and that the forensics expert would be bound not to disclose any privileged information provided to him. Defendants, on the other hand, proposed that they create digital image of the hard drives in question and search that image using terms that plaintiff provided and defendants agreed upon. Defendants would then produce the results of the search to plaintiff, save any confidential or privileged information. Continue Reading...

Conclusory Statements About Costs Are Insufficient to Shield Information from Discovery Under FRCP 26(b)(2)(B)

Best Buy Stores, L.P. v. Developers Diversified Realty Corp., 2007 WL 333987 (D. Minn. Feb. 1, 2007)

In this order, District Court Judge David S. Doty concluded that a discovery order issued by Magistrate Judge Jeanne J. Graham was neither clearly erroneous nor contrary to law. The January 4, 2007 discovery order required, among other things, that defendants produce responsive documents by February 2, 2007. Defendants had argued that, while certain documents that were responsive existed, the cost to retrieve them from an electronic archive may be prohibitive. The magistrate judge determined that defendants had not met their burden to establish that the information sought was “not reasonably accessible because of undue burden or cost” under Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(2)(B):

Defendants offer no proof, aside from conclusory statements, about the cost to obtain documents from electronic archives. So this concern cannot shield the defendants from discovery here.

(January 4, 2007 Order, at p. 12.)

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Court Remands to Magistrate Judge Question of Whether Privileged Emails Printed and Produced by E-Discovery Vendor Should Be Returned

Amersham Biosciences Corp. v. PerkinElmer, Inc., 2007 WL 329290 (D.N.J. Jan. 31, 2007 (Unpublished)

In this case, plaintiff claimed that it inadvertently produced over 500 privileged emails that had been deleted from a single Lotus Notes DVD, but were nonetheless printed and produced by its outside e-discovery vendor. According to plaintiff, the privileged emails (and other non-responsive emails) had been segregated into subfolders, and these subfolders had been deleted prior to the submission of the DVD to a vendor for processing. Plaintiff blamed this inadvertent production on the fact that in the Lotus Notes application (as distinguished from Microsoft Outlook and other email platforms), even though emails had been moved and segregated into separately labeled subfolders, and said folders subsequently deleted, a copy of these emails still remained in the larger folder structure. As such, when Applied Discovery converted the emails from their native form into single page image files, the emails which plaintiff had allegedly segregated into a “privileged” subfolder, and subsequently deleted, actually remained in the larger folder structure, and were thus produced to the defendant.

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Court Narrows Discovery Requests, Finding Information Sought "Not Reasonably Accessible" Because of Undue Burden

Ameriwood Industries, Inc. v. Liberman, 2007 WL 496716 (E.D. Mo. Feb. 13, 2007)

 

In this case, plaintiff alleged that defendants improperly used confidential information while in plaintiff’s employ to sabotage plaintiff’s business relationships.  Defendants asserted that plaintiff's lost sales were due to plaintiff's own mismanagement and not defendants' alleged misconduct.  Defendants requested all plaintiff's documents and communications concerning the television stand business made during the relevant period, and identified six individuals who may have responsive information.  Plaintiff argued that the request was unduly broad and overly burdensome and that the documents, the majority of which were electronically stored, numbered in the hundreds of thousands.  Defendants moved to compel production of:  (1) its internal communications and documents regarding plaintiff's original equipment manufacturer (“OEM”) television stand business, its customers, and its management for the period from October 2005 through March 2006; (2) plaintiff's employees' communications with customers regarding the OEM television stand business for the same period; and (3) documents relating to plaintiff's 2006 Consumer Electronics show presentations.

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Magistrate Judge Explains Why Discovery Sanctions Against Defendant Were Not Warranted

Williams v. Sprint/United Mgmt. Co., 2007 WL 214320 (D. Kan. Jan. 23, 2007)

Previously, Chief District Judge John W. Lungstrum had remanded this matter to the Magistrate Judge for factual findings concerning and an explanation of the reasons for the denial of plaintiffs' motion for sanctions. This opinion sets out Magistrate Judge David J. Waxse’s explanation of why he denied plaintiffs' motion to the extent it sought to impose sanctions upon defendant for its alleged failure to produce all spreadsheet materials in native format, its failure to timely produce the spreadsheet materials that were produced, and its conduct in re-producing spreadsheet materials in non-native format that had already been produced in native format.
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Court Grants Plaintiff Access to Computers Acquired by Defendant Two Years After Alleged Misappropriation

Frees, Inc. v. McMillian, 2007 WL 184889 (W.D. La. Jan. 22, 2007)

This litigation involved claims against a former employee for violations of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Plaintiff claimed that defendant had removed proprietary information from his company-provided laptop in connection with his November 2003 departure, and then used that information after he began working for a competitor (“Southeast”). Plaintiff sought an order compelling defendant to produce a laptop provided to defendant by Southeast in December 2005 or January 2006 and a personal computer hard drive which defendant kept at his residence. Plaintiff argued that the computers were likely to have evidence of defendant’s alleged violation of the CFAA as the computers were the most likely places where he would have downloaded, pasted, transmitted, or otherwise deposited the alleged pilfered computer data.
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Potential Objects of Evidence Must Be in Party's Possession, Custody, or Control for Any Duty to Preserve to Attach

Phillips v. Netblue, Inc., 2007 WL 174459 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 22, 2007)

In this action involving alleged violations of the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornographic and Marketing (“CAN-SPAM”) Act of 2003, defendants moved for dismissal based upon plaintiff’s alleged failure to preserve evidence.  United States District Judge Samuel Conti started by explaining the nature of the evidence at issue:

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Inadequate Legal Hold Measures, and Resulting Spoliation, Warrant Sanctions

In re NTL, Inc. Sec. Litig., 2007 WL 241344 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 30, 2007)

 

In this opinion, Magistrate Judge Andrew J. Peck granted plaintiffs’ motion for sanctions in the form of an adverse inference instruction and awarded plaintiffs their costs and attorneys' fees incurred in connection with the sanctions motion and the additional discovery costs caused by defendant NTL Europe's conduct.

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Government's Negligent Failure to Preserve Evidence Did Not Warrant Dismissal

Miller v. Holzmann, 2007 WL 172327 (D.D.C. Jan. 17, 2007)

In this decision, Magistrate Judge John H. Facciola recommended that defense motions for dismissal as a sanction for the government’s alleged discovery abuses be denied. One event that was cited as partial support for the motions was the destruction of a government file in accordance with the pertinent National Archives and Administration Act schedule. The file contained a complete copy of materials that had been gathered in response to a related FOIA request, including materials that were exempt from production under FOIA. The employee who destroyed the file explained that she was not aware that the lawsuit or any other litigation was pending and that she would not have destroyed the file had she known it was.
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MDL Case Management Order Addresses Various E-Discovery Issues

In re Seroquel Prods. Liab. Litig., 2007 WL 219989 (M.D. Fla. Jan. 26, 2007)

In this opinion, the district court adopted the report and recommendations of the magistrate judge relating to the parties’ joint motion for entry of case management orders. The modified case management order entered by the court contained a number of provisions relating to electronic discovery, including one that allowed plaintiffs to conduct information interviews of knowledgeable AstraZeneca-employed IT persons about some 14 categories of databases and how information could potentially be produced or extracted from them. One of the categories included databases of “instant message, voicemail, discussion forum and prior website page databases, transcripts and recovery.”
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Court Denies Access to Hard Drives as Unwarranted "Fishing Expedition"

Balfour Beatty Rail, Inc. v. Vaccarello, 2007 WL 169628 (M.D. Fla. Jan. 18, 2007)

Plaintiff sued two former employees who left to form a competing business (“ARS”), alleging among other things that defendants undertook to cover up their actions by destroying information stored on plaintiff’s computers. In discovery, plaintiff sought and moved to compel the hard drive of any computer used by the defendants for ARS or Balfour Beatty business purposes at any time during 2005 and 2006. The defendants objected on confidentiality grounds to producing the hard drives used for ARS and stated that they did not have the hard drive they used for Balfour Beatty business. Plaintiff argued that the parties’ protective order should provide sufficient protection to any confidential information, and that defendants' objections based on confidentiality should be disregarded.
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Court Sets Hearing on Plaintiffs' Proposed Email Search Protocol and Requests Additional Information

Apsley v. Boeing Co., 2007 WL 163201 (D. Kan. Jan. 18, 2007)

In this employment discrimination case, plaintiffs moved to compel further responses and production of information from the defendants, and also asked the court to rule on plaintiffs’ email search protocol. Plaintiffs sought to compel Boeing and defendant Spirit Aerosystems to produce emails under the following criteria:
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Court Allows Plaintiffs to Conduct Expedited Discovery Regarding Possible Spoliation

Roberts v. Canadian Pac. R.R. Ltd., 2007 WL 118901 (D. Minn. Jan. 11, 2007)

In this decision, Chief District Judge James M. Rosenbaum granted plaintiff’s motion for leave to conduct limited discovery concerning spoliation of evidence on an expedited basis. The case concerned a train derailment accident that occurred near Minot, North Dakota, and was one of more than 100 cases removed to the court after having been filed in state court. During the state court proceedings, plaintiffs had discovered an email message sent by a manager to the railroad’s top claims agent. The message began by stating: “In the tradition of keeping very few Minot-related e-mails . . .” The manager was deposed and asked about the email, at which time he admitted destroying emails regarding the derailment, purportedly based upon the direction of a higher-up in the organization. Subsequent to the deposition, defendants apparently hired a computer forensics expert to investigate whether electronic data was destroyed, and if so, whether any deleted material could be retrieved. Plaintiffs sought to discover the results of the investigation and to depose the forensics expert as soon as possible.
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Court Grants Protective Order Shielding Plaintiffs From Re-Producing ESI in Native Format, But Denies Relief as to Prospective Production

In re Payment Card Interchange Fee and Merchant Discount Antitrust Litig., 2007 WL 121426 (E.D.N.Y. Jan. 12, 2007)

This case is a consolidated multidistrict litigation brought by some plaintiffs as a putative class action, as well as by other individual plaintiffs who sued exclusively on their own behalf. In this decision, Magistrate Judge James Orenstein addressed a dispute that arose between the individual plaintiffs and the defendants regarding metadata and the format of production. Between June and November 2006, the individual plaintiffs had made at least six productions of electronic documents using their own protocol, which involved printing electronic documents and then scanning the pages thus printed to create “TIFF” images, which could be converted into a searchable text file through the use of “OCR” software. “In other words, Individual Plaintiffs have rather laboriously stripped their text-searchable electronic documents of metadata that would not appear in printed form, and then converted them back into text-searchable electronic documents without that subset of metadata.”
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Motion to Compel Production of Plaintiff's Home Computer Denied as Improper Attempt to Troll for Impeachment Evidence

Hedenburg v. Aramark Am. Food Servs., 2007 WL 162716 (W.D. Wash. Jan. 17, 2007)

In this employment discrimination case, defendant sought to probe the veracity of plaintiff's claims by seeking a "mirror image" of plaintiff's home computer hard drive. Defendant contended that plaintiff’s personal correspondence with unnamed third parties (in the form of emails or internet postings) might reveal discrepancies in her testimony about the impact of the events on her emotional state, or in her testimony about what occurred. Defendant argued that access to a plaintiff's computer was common in employment cases, and offered to have the hard drive mirror image sent to a "special master” in an effort to avoid retrieval of privileged or other non-discoverable information. Plaintiff stated that she made a diligent search for her computer files and contended that she did not have additional information. She objected to the discovery as a "fishing expedition" and refused to permit the defendant access to her home computer's hard drive.
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Court Denies Motion to Re-Produce Transmittal Emails in Native Format with their Attachments

Williams v. Sprint/United Mgmt. Co., 2006 WL 3691604 (D. Kan. Dec. 12, 2006)

In this decision, Magistrate Judge Waxse addressed plaintiffs’ continuing complaints about defendant’s separate production of transmittal emails and the spreadsheets they transmitted. The issue had been raised and discussed during several conferences with the court, and defendant had agreed to provide a “Spreadsheet Report” that would cross-reference the hard copy transmittal emails to the electronic spreadsheets. However, plaintiffs continued to experience difficulty matching up the transmittal emails and their attachments and moved for the production of the transmittal emails and their attachments in native format. Plaintiffs argued that this would eliminate the complicated, confusing, incomplete, and inaccurate Spreadsheet Reports and put both parties on the same discovery playing field.
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Court Declines to Shift Cost of Restoring and Searching A Single Backup Tape, But Limits Scope of Search

Semsroth v. City of Wichita, 239 F.R.D. 630 (D. Kan. 2006)

In this employment discrimination suit, the plaintiffs requested information relating to emails sent to or by other officers within the Wichita Police Department.  Through negotiations, the parties narrowed that request to copies of emails from 117 different supervising officers to the extent that such emails existed on a back-up tape of July 23, 2004.  The city moved for a protective order that would shift the cost of searching the backup tape to the plaintiffs, estimating the cost to be between $1,950 and $2,625.

Citing the Zubulake decisions, the court declined to conclude that cost of restoring and searching the email backup tape was such as to render that back-up tape "not reasonably accessible because of undue burden or cost."  However, it found that limits on the scope of the discovery were nonetheless appropriate under Rule 26(b)(2).  Accordingly, the court limited the scope of the discovery in two respects:  (1) It struck several search terms proposed by plaintiffs because it concluded that they were common enough that they might well result in identification of a significant volume of irrelevant email; and (2) It reduced the number of mailboxes to be searched from 117 to 50.  Plaintiffs would be allowed to choose which 50 mailboxes would be searched.

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Court Denies Request for Production of Legal Hold Notice Issued by Defendant

Gibson v. Ford Motor Co., 2007 WL 41954 (N.D. Ga. Jan. 4, 2007)

In this personal injury product liability case, plaintiffs sought production of the legal hold notice issued by defendant to its employees, among other categories of material. The court denied the request for the legal hold notice, concluding that it was not “reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence.” The court explained:

The document Plaintiffs request is simply a description of material employees were instructed not to discard. In the Court's experience, these instructions are often, if not always, drafted by counsel, involve their work product, are often overly inclusive, and the documents they list do not necessarily bear a reasonable relationship to the issues in litigation. This is not a document relating to the Defendant's business. Rather, the document relates exclusively to this litigation, was apparently created after this dispute arose, and exists for the sole purpose of assuring compliance with discovery that may be required in this litigation. Not only is the document likely to constitute attorney work-product, but its compelled production could dissuade other businesses from issuing such instructions in the event of litigation. Instructions like the one that appears to have been issued here insure the availability of information during litigation. Parties should be encouraged, not discouraged, to issue such directives. Defendants are not required to produce these materials.

Court Modifies Its Prior Cost-Shifting Formula

Quinby v. WestLB AG, 2007 WL 38230 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 4, 2007)

In this opinion, the court modified its September 5, 2006 order (summarized here) which shifted to the plaintiff 30 percent of the costs of producing the emails of one witness (Barron) restored from backup tapes. After that prior order was entered, defendant submitted an affidavit from its vendor stating that 14 backup tapes had been restored in order to recover Barron’s emails, and that the total cost was $9,187.50. Plaintiff submitted a letter and exhibits in response, pointing out that the 14 tapes also contained the emails of other custodians whose emails were ordered produced and the tapes would, therefore, have had to have been restored in any event. Plaintiff argued that she should be responsible for only 30 percent of the share allocable to Barron’s emails.

The court agreed, and found it unfair to shift a portion of the entire cost since the backup tapes would have had to have been restored even if Barron’s emails had not been ordered produced. The court set out its formula for calculating plaintiff’s share of the cost, which amounted to $448, and ordered plaintiff to remit that amount to defendant within ten days.

Recounting Defendants' "Systemic and Shocking" Discovery Abuses, Court Imposes Severe Sanctions and Appoints Discovery Monitor

Wachtel v. Health Net, Inc., 239 F.R.D. 81 (D.N.J. 2006)

In this lengthy opinion, the court ruled upon plaintiffs’ motion for entry of default based upon defendants’ discovery misconduct and other discovery-related motions. Although it reserved judgment on whether a default should be entered, the court found that a variety of severe sanctions were appropriate given defendants’ “systemic and shocking” discovery abuses. The sanctions included: (1) deeming certain facts as admitted by defendant for all purposes in the litigation, including equitable relief; (2) precluding defendant's use of documents not produced in discovery; (3) striking privilege assertions as to certain documents; (4) imposing monetary sanctions in an amount to be determined after the court considered defendant's financial situation; and (5) appointing a discovery monitor at defendants’ expense to review defendants’ compliance with the court's discovery orders. The court explained:
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Court Rejects Spoliation Claim Based on Alleged Failure to Preserve Chat Room Comments

Malletier v. Dooney & Bourke, Inc., 2006 WL 3851151 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 22, 2006)

In this trademark infringement case, plaintiff sought an array of preclusive sanctions against defendant for alleged discovery misconduct. Specifically, plaintiff argued that defendant did not make complete or timely searches for certain categories of documents and e-mails. It also contended that defendant did not give adequate instructions to its employees to preserve documents and that it improperly deleted e-mails from a customer relations chat room that might have been a source of pertinent information. Continue Reading...

Condemning Defendant's Gamesmanship, Court Orders Production of Database

JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. v. Neovi, Inc., 2006 WL 3803152 (S.D. Ohio Nov. 14, 2006)

In this case involving UCC claims stemming from defendant’s internet-based check service, defendant disputed that it did sufficient business with Ohio residents to subject it to the court's jurisdiction. The court allowed limited discovery on the issue, and plaintiff propounded a number of interrogatories concerning any business contacts between the defendant and the state of Ohio or Ohio residents. Defendant replied “unknown” to the interrogatories, and stated that its customers were not required to provide address information; however, it failed to state whether any customers, despite not being required to provide their addresses' or their payees' addresses, had actually done so, or whether customer or payee addresses were available to defendant in its customer database.
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Court Defers Ruling on Spoliation Sanctions Until After Voluntary Forensic Examination of Defendants' Computers Is Complete

Anadarko Petroleum Corp. v. Davis, Slip Copy, 2006 WL 3837518 (S.D. Tex. Dec. 28, 2006)

The facts underlying the lawsuit are as follows. In June 2006, Davis, a long-time employee of plaintiff Anadarko Petroleum Corporation, resigned to join GeoSouthern Energy Corporation. It was undisputed that just before leaving Anadarko in July 2006, Davis downloaded confidential or proprietary information from Anadarko's computers. When he joined GeoSouthern, Davis transferred that information to GeoSouthern's computers. Anadarko sued Davis and GeoSouthern in September 2006. Davis admitted that he misappropriated confidential or proprietary information, but denied any significant use of it and denied any use of it to Anadarko's detriment. Continue Reading...

Municipalities Violated Open Records Law by Providing PDF of Property Assessment Records and Not Allowing Access to Database

WIREdata, Inc. v. Village of Sussex, 729 N.W.2d 757 (Wis. Ct. App. 2007)

In this open records case, WIREdata, Inc. had filed open records requests with three municipalities seeking property assessment records in the format created and maintained by the municipalities' independent contractor assessors in a computer database.  The court held that the open records law allowed WIREdata the opportunity to access that database in order to examine and copy the property assessment records, and that the municipalities committed open records law violations when they denied WIREdata such access and instead provided it with a “PDF,” or portable document file.
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Court Imposes Monetary Sanctions for Tardy Production and Orders Defendant to Reveal Whether Certain Other Documents Still Exist

May v. Pilot Travel Centers LLC, 2006 WL 3827511 (S.D. Ohio Dec. 28, 2006)

In this wrongful termination case, plaintiff moved for sanctions on the grounds that defendant had committed spoliation by failing to preserve relevant evidence that it relied on in defending the case and that would potentially have been favorable to plaintiff. Plaintiff also alleged that defendant violated its duty to supplement or correct various discovery disclosures. The court reviewed the various categories of documents and ESI in dispute, and concluded that sanctions were appropriate even though there was no evidence that any actual “spoliation” had occurred.
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Court Orders Mirror Imaging of Defendants' Hard Drives and Sets Out Three-Step Imaging, Recovery, and Disclosure Process

Ameriwood Ind., Inc. v. Liberman, 2006 WL 3825291 (E.D. Mo. Dec. 27, 2006)

In this trade secrets case, the plaintiff alleged that defendants – plaintiff's former employees and their recently formed company – improperly used plaintiff’s computers and confidential information regarding its business, and defendants’ positions of trust and confidence while in plaintiff's employ to sabotage plaintiff's business relationships and divert plaintiff's business to themselves. In discovery, plaintiff sought production of: “All computer or portable or detachable hard drives, or mirror images thereof, used by Liberman, Fridley, or Kleist since May 2005, including but not limited to any computer or portable or detachable hard drives in their homes.” Defendants objected that the request was overbroad, vague, and burdensome and called for irrelevant information. Plaintiff filed a motion to compel addressing this and other discovery requests.

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Court Grants Plaintiff Access to Defendant's Database

Bianchi v. The Bureaus, Inc., 2006 WL 3802758 (N.D. Ill. Nov. 1, 2006)

In this brief order, the court granted plaintiff’s motion to allow her computer expert access a database maintained by defendant, for the purpose of determining whether the account information relating to plaintiff had been altered.  There was an issue about whether defendant had received notice of plaintiff’s bankruptcy, and whether a “bankruptcy scrub” of plaintiff’s account had been requested or done.  Plaintiff agreed to cover the expense of the examination, and the expert would access the database under a protocol agreed to by the parties solely to verify plaintiff’s account.

Court Orders Expert Witness to Preserve Evidence in Drug Case

In re Zyprexa Prods. Liab. Litig., 2006 WL 3821491 (E.D.N.Y. Dec. 28, 2006)

In this order, the court ordered plaintiff’s expert witness to “immediately preserve any and all documents and information including, but not limited to, all computer(s), hard-drives, other electronic storage media, hardcopy documents, emails, e-documents, text messaging, instant messaging, phone records and voice mails, that refer or relate to Zyprexa,” his receipt of confidential documents, his obligations under various case management orders, and various other topics. The court cautioned that, if anything responsive to the order had been deleted or destroyed, “any and all relevant computers” were to be produced to permit forensic examination and recovery of such documents.

A copy of a New York Times article filed in the case and providing some background for the order is here.

Court Orders Parties To Develop Sampling Protocol For Claims Information

Zurich Am. Ins. Co. v. Ace Am. Reinsurance Co., 2006 WL 3771090 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 22, 2006)

In this reinsurance case, plaintiff sought an order compelling defendant to produce certain claim information. Defendant opposed the motion partly on the basis of undue burden. It explained that, although it processed thousands of claims, its computer system was incapable of segregating claims by the amount of the claim, the type of claim, the identity of the cedent, or the reason the claim may have been denied. The court criticized the argument, stating: “A sophisticated reinsurer that operates a multimillion dollar business is entitled to little sympathy for utilizing an opaque data storage system, particularly when, by the nature of its business, it can reasonably anticipate frequent litigation.” At the same time, the court acknowledged that a search of defendant’s entire database was infeasible in light of the tremendous volume of material accumulated. Accordingly, the court ordered the parties to propose a sampling protocol to obtain examples of claims files in which issues similar to those presented in the case were addressed. In order to facilitate that process, the court further ordered that counsel could take the depositions of persons familiar with defendant’s data storage system. Finally, the court ordered that, to the extent that defendant objected to any sampling proposal advanced by Zurich, it would be required to support its objections with specific evidence of the cost and burden involved.

Court Sets Hearing for Plaintiff to Show Cause Why Complaint Should Not Be Dismissed With Prejudice as Sanction for Discovery Misconduct

Exact Software N. Am., Inc. v. Infocon, Inc., 2006 WL 3499992 (N.D. Ohio Dec. 5, 2006)

In this decision, the court concluded that plaintiff’s “persistent and egregious noncompliance with a series of discovery orders” fully warranted severe sanctions, including dismissal of its complaint and entry of default on defendant’s counterclaims. Among other failings, the court noted that plaintiff’s search for documents from its document storage and retrieval system was largely unproductive, and that plaintiff’s counsel had attributed the lack of success to defects in the keywords provided by defendant. The court rejected this attempt to shift blame:
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Parties Agree That Responsive ESI To Be Collected From Defendant's Active IT Environment, And Not From Backup Tapes

In re Celexa and Lexapro Prods. Liab. Litig., 2006 WL 3497757 (E.D. Mo. Nov. 13, 2006)

This constitutes the parties’ agreed order and statement as to a document management plan in this multi-district litigation concerning two prescription drugs. Among other things, the parties agreed that plaintiffs would preserve the hard drives of computers used by plaintiffs and plaintiffs’ decedents, and that such hard drives would be imaged and analyzed pursuant to an agreed forensic examination protocol. The parties also agreed that responsive electronically stored information (“ESI”) would be collected by defendants from defendants' active IT environment, and that “absent some exceptional circumstance and a demonstration by plaintiffs of some substantial need, defendants shall not be required to restore any backup tapes (specifically including but not limited to the 35 back-up tapes defendants made on April 29, 2005, specifically for purposes of this litigation).” The parties agreed that defendants would preserve the 35 backup tapes, but that they may otherwise resume the recycling of backup tapes.

Plaintiffs also agreed to defer to defendants as to the format of production, and specifically agreed to take ESI produced by defendants in any format that generally is searchable and manageable, including in native file format or as single page TIFF images with associated metadata.

The parties were unable to reach agreement on three subject areas, and those matters would be subject to further briefing and argument. Those disputed topics include: (1) how the cost of the discovery plaintiffs seek from defendants should be apportioned; (2) the scope of discovery relating to the production of entire electronic databases; and (3) whether plaintiffs should be allowed to perform their own forensic examination of plaintiffs’ computer hard drives, or whether an independent forensic consultant should perform the analysis.

Court Enters Stipulated Electronic Discovery Plan and Order to Preserve Evidence

Palgut v. City of Colo. Springs, 2006 WL 3483442 (D. Colo. Nov. 29, 2006)

This order constitutes the parties’ stipulated Electronic Discovery Plan and Order to Preserve Evidence in this employment discrimination case. It includes definitions of various terms and sets out a number of discovery “protocols,” one of which relates to the format of production. The plan states that, “if requested information is or has been stored or located in native (eg. .doc, .xls, .pst) formats (not .tiff images), any requests for “documents,” or “data” shall be deemed a request for information in native format.” (Emphasis in original). The order then sets out a procedure for objecting to production in native format, which seems to conflate the new Rule 26(b)(2)(B) two-tier discovery provision with the new Rule 34(b) format of production provision:

If either party objects to producing the requested information on the ground that production in that format is not reasonably accessible because of undue burden or cost, prior to asserting an objection, the responding party will inform the requesting party of the format in which it is willing to produce it, the nature and location of the information claimed to not be reasonably accessible, the reason(s) why the requested form of production would impose an undue burden or is unreasonably costly, and afford the requesting party 10 working days (calendar days minus weekends and state or federal holidays) from receipt of such notice to propose an alternative means of compliance with the request, including payment of all or part of the costs of retrieving the information.

The order sets out a similar procedure for objecting to the production of electronic information; it also directs the parties’ computer experts to informally cooperate and discuss procedures or protocols to facilitate identification, retrieval and production of computerized information, prohibits the parties from altering or destroying documents (as that term is defined therein), and directs the parties to meet and confer on the issue of cost allocation.

Court Awards Full Costs of $20,472, Since Computer Forensics Experts Were "Particularly Necessary to Uncover Plaintiff's Skulduggery"

Plasse v. Tyco Elecs. Corp., 2006 WL 3445610 (D. Mass. Nov. 8, 2006)

This decision follows the court’s earlier order on sanctions, summarized here, in which the court dismissed the complaint with prejudice and invited the defendant to file an application for attorneys’ fees. Defendant sought $79,524.07 in attorney's fees and costs in the amount of $20,472.32. The court noted there was ample justification for a fee award in the record, since the evidence showed that the plaintiff “not only altered and destroyed evidence to prevent relevant discovery by Defendant, but continued to modify and destroy evidence even after the court itself had made it clear that the evidence constituted an appropriate area of inquiry for Defendant.” It reduced the attorney fee amount but awarded full costs, stating:

Given Plaintiff's egregious conduct, an award of fees and costs is only fair. Given the record of this case, however, a fee award of nearly $80,000 would be excessive. The record of the case, as Plaintiff points out, evidences some degree of duplication and overkill. Based on this, the court will award attorney's fees in the amount of $35,000.00. The court will award Defendant its full costs, since retention of experts was particularly necessary to uncover Plaintiff's skulduggery.

Plaintiff's Efforts to Preserve and Produce Email and Electronic Records Were Untimely and Inadequate; Court Invites Motion for Sanctions

Reino de Espana v. Am. Bureau of Shipping, 2006 WL 3208579 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 3, 2006)

This litigation arose from the casualty of the Prestige off the coast of Spain in November 2002, which caused a large oil spill. In this opinion, the court granted defendant ABS’s motion to compel the production of email and other electronic records prepared by various governmental agencies that were involved in the response to and investigation of the spill. In addition, the court invited ABS to seek sanctions for Spain’s apparent failure to preserve relevant evidence.
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Court Orders Production of Handwritten Worksheets Underlying Database, in Light of Demonstrated Data Entry Errors

MacNamara v. City of New York, 2006 WL 3298911 (S.D.N.Y. Nov 13, 2006)

This case is one of many arising from the arrests of approximately 1,800 people during the Republican National Convention (“RNC”) in New York City in the summer of 2004. This decision addressed plaintiffs' motion to compel the city to produce certain documents and electronically stored information. Among other rulings, the court granted plaintiffs' request for production of certain arrest worksheets used in connection with the city's Online Booking System ("OLBS"). The OLBS worksheets contained handwritten information regarding the arresting or assigned officer's recollection of the events that preceded the arrest. The information on the worksheet is subsequently entered into the OLBS, often by someone other than the officer who filled out the worksheet. The city argued that the plaintiffs' request for OLBS worksheets for non-party arrestees was duplicative, since the information sought could be found in database printouts the city had already agreed to produce. However, plaintiffs contended that “significant errors, edits and omissions” occur at the data entry stage, and that the information contained in the handwritten worksheets sought may therefore differ from that in the database printouts, which contained only the information actually entered into the OLBS. The court found that an example cited by plaintiffs supported their contention, and ordered production of the worksheets subject to an "attorneys'-eyes-only" designation.

Ruling on a separate request, the court sustained the city's objection to plaintiffs' request for "[a]ll electronic data concerning RNC arrests" maintained by various entities, finding it to be impermissibly vague.

Citing The Sedona Conference Glossary for E-Discovery, Court Overrules Vagueness and Ambiguity Objections to Request for Production

Johnson v. Kraft Foods N. Am., Inc., 2006 WL 3302684 (D. Kan. Nov. 14, 2006)

In this decision, the court granted in part plaintiffs’ motion to compel and overruled a number of defendants’ objections to plaintiffs’ request for production. Among other things, defendants had objected that many of the terms used in the request were vague and ambiguous, including: “electronic databases,” “personnel related data,” “database,” “coded fields,” and “data dictionaries.” Overruling the objection, the court noted that plaintiffs had attempted to resolve any ambiguity by providing definitions in a separate letter. It also noted that, while the court’s electronic discovery guidelines did not specifically provide definitions for the terms in dispute by the parties, the guidelines did provide a valuable reference to the Sedona Conference® for definitions of terms used in the guidelines. It concluded:
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Court Grants Access to Individual Plaintiff's Work and Home Computers; Plaintiff Had Continued Deleting Potentially Relevant Emails for Years After Commencing Litigation

Ball v. Versar, Inc., 2005 WL 4881102 (S.D. Ind. Sept. 23, 2005)

This case involved the remediation of a “Superfund” hazardous waste site in Indiana. Plaintiffs Roy Ball and Norman Bernstein (the “trustees”) were trustees for the fund formed by the hazardous waste generators to clean up the site under agreement with the relevant governmental agencies. The trustees sued Versar, Inc. for breach of its contract to perform remediation services at the site. In this motion, the defendant sought production of email and other documents it contended the trustees were improperly withholding, access to plaintiff Roy Ball’s personal and employer-owned computers, and sanctions for plaintiffs’ failure to produce or retain discoverable electronic evidence. Continue Reading...

Bad Faith Spoliation of Critical Emails Warrants Adverse Inference Instruction

Optowave Co., Ltd. v. Nikitin, 2006 WL 3231422 (M.D. Fla. Nov. 7, 2006)

In this breach of contract case, Optowave contended that its contract with defendant Dmitri Nikitin d/b/a Precision Technology Group (“PTG”) incorporated eight certain specifications, and that PTG failed to meet any of the specifications, thereby breaching the contract. During discovery, Optowave sought to compel production of electronic documents and emails regarding the contract. Following oral argument and the parties’ agreement on certain issues raised by the motion to compel, the court scheduled a second hearing on the issue of spoliation of certain internal emails between Nikitin and his employees. Continue Reading...

Relying on Delaware's Default Standards, Court Holds Production in Native Format with Metadata Not Required

Wyeth v. Impax Labs., Inc., 2006 WL 3091331 (D. Del. Oct. 26, 2006)

In this patent litigation, the court denied in part and granted in part defendant’s motion to compel. Impax contended, among other things, that Wyeth should be ordered to produce electronic documents in their native format, complete with metadata, and not in the Tagged Image File Format (“TIFF”) in which they were produced. Wyeth argued that Impax was not entitled to electronic copies in their natural state for two reasons: (1) Impax had not made a particularized showing of need for the metadata, and (2) collection of this data would be overly burdensome. Continue Reading...

Citing Conference of Chief Justices' Guidelines to State Courts, North Carolina Court Refuses to Compel Nonparty to Produce Deleted Emails from Backup Tapes

Bank of America Corp. v. SR Int’l Bus. Ins. Co., Ltd., 2006 WL 3093174, 2006 NCBC 15 (N.C. Super. Nov. 1, 2006)

In its introductory remarks, the court advised:

This opinion should be read in conjunction with the opinion in Analog Devices, Inc. v. Michalski, 2006 NCBC 14, (N.C.Super.Ct. Nov. 1, 2006), issued contemporaneously herewith. The decision in that case deals with production of inaccessible data in the context of a party-to-party dispute and provides greater detail concerning approaches used by various courts in e-discovery disputes. Both this opinion and the opinion in Analog should make it clear that: (1) the language of current North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure 26 and 45 still control trial court decisions and work well, (2) each case is different and fact intensive, (3) there exist numerous factors which might come into play in the varying factual contexts of each case, and (4) trial courts should always be cognizant that e-discovery decisions, especially those involving inaccessible data, have the potential to be outcome determinative because of the costs involved.

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North Carolina Court Orders Production of Email from Backup Tapes; Parties to Share Restoration Costs Equally

Analog Devices, Inc. v. Michalski, 2006 WL 3287382 (N.C. Super. Nov. 1, 2006) (Unpublished)

In this misappropriation of trade secrets case, defendants moved to compel the production of emails of the originators of the trade secrets at issue relating to the development of those trade secrets and products initially implementing them. At the hearing on the motion, the court ordered Analog to determine the search capability of the databases containing the emails requested and to conduct a word search, if possible, using agreed-upon terms, of emails sent by specific inventors over a two-year period surrounding the release dates of products implementing the alleged trade secrets. Counsel for Analog subsequently reported that it would produce emails still existing on the hard drives of the personal computers used by the trade secret originators. As to emails no longer existing on personal computers but stored on its backup server, Analog argued that production would be expensive and time consuming and therefore unduly burdensome.

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Failure to Suspend Email Retention Policy Warrants Adverse Inference and Monetary Sanctions, but Not Default Judgment

In re Napster, Inc. Copyright Litig., 2006 WL 3050864 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 25, 2006)

In this opinion, the court denied plaintiffs’ request for spoliation sanctions in the form of a default judgment, and instead granted plaintiffs’ alternative request for a preclusion order, an adverse inference instruction and an award of attorneys’ fees. Plaintiffs’ motion for sanctions argued that defendant Hummer Winblad (“Hummer”) knowingly and intentionally deleted an undetermined number of emails which they had a duty to preserve and to produce in response to plaintiffs' document requests. Continue Reading...

$1.888 Million Judgment Entered in Favor of Bankruptcy Trustee Based on Adverse Party's Spoliation of Financial Records

In re Quintus Corp., 353 B.R. 77 (Bankr. D. Del. 2006) 

Avaya, Inc. purchased the assets of the debtors in bankruptcy, and agreed to assume certain of the debtors’ liabilities. Thereafter, the trustee filed an adversary complaint against Avaya asserting breach of contract and unjust enrichment for failure to pay certain liabilities under the parties’ asset purchase agreement (“the APA”). The trustee sought judgment against Avaya in the amount of $1,888,410.52 for the unpaid claims. Continue Reading...

Court Denies Request for Production in Native Format and Imaging of Hard Drives

Ponca Tribe of Indians of Okla. v. Cont’l Carbon Co., 2006 WL 2927878 (W.D. Okla. Oct. 11, 2006)

In this decision, the court ruled on plaintiffs’ motion to compel certain electronic information.

First, the court rejected plaintiffs’ request that defendant permit them to image or download to a database all information stored in defendant’s “data historian.” Plaintiffs initially proposed imaging or mirroring the data historian as a means of easily obtaining the requested information. However, defendant objected and argued that such imaging would necessarily require approximately 100 days to complete and that any such imaging would violate the licensing for the operating software used. Plaintiffs then suggested that the information be downloaded into a database using software currently possessed by defendant. Defendant responded that it did not own the software modules, but that such software could be purchased for approximately $5,000 and would require another $5,000 in training/programming to make the modules useable. Continue Reading...

Ninth Circuit Upholds Dismissal of Complaint and $65,000 Sanction for Spoliation of Computer Files Under Court's Inherent Authority

Leon v. IDX Sys. Corp., 464 F.3d 951 (9th Cir. 2006)

Dr. Mauricio Leon (“Leon”) was hired by the defendant in 2001, and in mid-2002, he began complaining of mismanagement of a federally-funded project.  In April 2003, IDX put Leon on unpaid leave and brought an action for declaratory relief, seeking to establish that it could terminate him without violating the anti-retaliation provisions of the False Claims Act, SOX and the ADA.  In May 2003, Leon filed his own action, which included claims for retaliation under various statutes and state law claims.
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Magistrate Recommends Adverse Inference Instruction Based in Part on Former Employee's Cancellation of Personal Yahoo Email Account

Easton Sports, Inc. v. Warrior LaCrosse, Inc., 2006 WL 2811261 (E.D. Mich. Sept. 28, 2006)

Plaintiff was in the business of manufacturing and selling a variety of hockey equipment; the defendants were related sporting goods companies that, at the time of the events giving rise to the complaint, were entering into the hockey equipment business through the acquisition of a hockey equipment manufacturer. Plaintiff alleged that defendants sought to enter the hockey equipment business through a “campaign of industrial espionage, stealing Easton’s trade secrets and raiding its employees.” Plaintiff alleged that defendants had used secret inducements to entice Hamoyun Ghassemi to steal its proprietary information and go to work for defendants. Before leaving plaintiff’s employ, Ghassemi downloaded numerous files and used his personal Yahoo account to forward files to himself and to defendants. The day after the complaint was filed, in which it was alleged that Ghassemi misappropriated plaintiff’s documents and used his personal Yahoo account to communicate with defendants, Ghassemi cancelled his Yahoo account. (Ghassemi was not named as a defendant in the complaint.) Continue Reading...

Default Judgment Warranted by Deliberate and Bad Faith Spoliation, and to Deter Other Would-Be Spoliators

Arista Records, L.L.C. v. Tschirhart, 2006 WL 2728927 (W.D. Tex. Aug. 23, 2006)

In this copyright infringement action based on internet file-sharing activities, plaintiffs sought terminating sanctions against defendant for spoliation of evidence. Plaintiffs alleged that defendant willfully destroyed critical evidence on her computer hard drive after notice of the lawsuit, notice of her obligation to preserve such evidence, and notice of the court’s order to produce her hard drive to plaintiffs so that a duplicate could be made for examination by plaintiffs’ computer forensics expert. Plaintiffs alleged that defendant deliberately used “wiping” software to permanently remove data from her hard drive – and then attempted to “cover her tracks” by deleting the “wiping” software before producing the hard drive to plaintiffs. Continue Reading...

Citing Pending E-Discovery Amendments, Court Explains Why Forensic Inspection of Defendant's Computers Is Not Warranted

Powers v. Thomas M. Cooley Law School, 2006 WL 2711512 (W.D. Mich. Sept. 21, 2006)

In her complaint, plaintiff alleged that the law school had failed to grant her reasonable accommodations necessitated by problems with her vision. Part of the factual basis of plaintiff's case was the allegation that the computer systems maintained by the law school to assist persons with visual disabilities repeatedly malfunctioned, especially during plaintiff's final examinations.

Previously, the court had ordered defendant to produce all work orders to the IT Department involving three specified rooms in defendant's Lansing campus for a particular time period. Plaintiff moved to compel the law school to comply with the prior discovery order, but did not seek permission to allow plaintiff's expert to conduct an inspection and investigation of defendant's database to extract allegedly relevant information.
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Failure to Institute Legal Hold Does Not Warrant Sanctions Absent Some Proof that Potentially Relevant Evidence Was Lost or Destroyed

Crandall v. City of Denver, 2006 WL 2683754 (D. Colo. Sept. 19, 2006)

In this case, plaintiffs alleged that they were exposed to harmful chemicals or other adverse environmental conditions at Denver International Airport (“DIA”). During discovery, the defendant’s practices concerning the deletion of emails came under scrutiny. Plaintiffs contended that, since at least 2003 when a related action was filed in state court and when plaintiffs' counsel advised the defendant to maintain emails, the defendant was under an obligation to preserve all emails concerning environmental conditions at DIA. This lawsuit was filed on February 7, 2005. Plaintiffs served document requests in August 2005, requesting, among other things, emails pertaining to deicing fluids used at DIA and other environmental issues. Defendants responded to the requests on September 14, 2005.
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Failure to Conduct Reasonable Investigation for Responsive Documents and Other Discovery Abuses Warrant Adverse Inference Instruction

3M Innovative Props. Co. v. Tomar Elecs., 2006 WL 2670038 (D. Minn. Sept. 18, 2006)

In this patent infringement litigation, the district court judge affirmed the magistrate’s report and recommendation that plaintiff’s motion for sanctions against the defendant be granted in part. 3M offered three bases for sanctions: (1) Tomar gave false discovery responses; (2) Tomar failed to retain, collect, and produce court-ordered documents; and (3) Tomar engaged in deposition misconduct. 3M requested that judgment be entered against Tomar, or alternatively, that the court issue multiple sanctions including an adverse inference instruction.
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Court Dismisses Complaint as Discovery Sanction for "Extensive and Egregious Misconduct"

Plasse v. Tyco Elecs. Corp., 2006 WL 2623441 (D. Mass. Sept. 7, 2006)

In this wrongful termination case, defendant Tyco sought to prove that plaintiff had misrepresented his credentials when he applied for employment. At issue were several versions of plaintiff’s resume, some of which had indicated he held an M.B.A.; plaintiff suggested those may have been submitted by “someone else,” possibly a recruiter or headhunter, and claimed he would have indicated he was only a “candidate” for an M.B.A. Previously, Tyco had filed a motion to dismiss the case, alleging that plaintiff had lied at his deposition and fabricated documents. The court denied the motion without prejudice, finding that the evidence was not sufficiently clear and convincing to justify such a serious sanction.
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Court Enters Preservation Order and Requires Electronic Records be Produced in the Format in which They are Stored

United Med. Supply Co., Inc. v. United States, 73 Fed. Cl. 35 (2006)

In this decision, the court issued a Document Preservation Order in light of defense counsel’s reports that several boxes of documents had been inadvertently destroyed during the pendency of the case. The court had ordered the parties to brief the issue of spoliation, and to file a joint status report proposing a document preservation order and a revised discovery schedule.

The court determined that a preservation order was appropriate, using the standard articulated in Pueblo of Laguna v. United States, 60 Fed. Cl. 133 (2004). There, the court held that it had the power to preserve evidence and issue orders in furtherance thereof under its inherent authority. It rejected the notion that the standards for the issuance of a preliminary injunction (including showing a likelihood of success on the merits) must be met before a preservation order may issue. Instead, the court found that one seeking a preservation order must show (1) that it is necessary, and (2) that it is not unduly burdensome. Id. at 138. To meet the first prong, “the proponent ordinarily must show that absent a court order, there is significant risk that relevant evidence will be lost or destroyed – a burden often met by demonstrating that the opposing party has lost or destroyed evidence in the past or has inadequate retention procedures in place.” Id. As to the latter prong, “the proponent must show that the particular steps to be adopted will be effective, but not overbroad.”
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Court Orders Preservation of Ohio's 2004 Presidential Election Ballots "on Paper or in Any Other Format, Including Electronic Data"

King Lincoln Bronzeville Neighborhood Ass'n v. Blackwell, 448 F. Supp. 2d 876 (S.D. Ohio 2006)

Plaintiffs in this action are a collection of civic organizations and individuals that filed suit against the Secretary of State for the State of Ohio (J. Kenneth Blackwell) and various unnamed public election officials and private contractors who provided services to the State of Ohio, alleging that defendants had violated plaintiffs’ civil and constitutional rights. Plaintiffs claimed, inter alia, that during the November 2004 presidential election, “Defendants selectively and discriminatorily designed and implemented procedures for the allocation of voting machines in a manner to create a shortage in the number of machines for certain urban precincts wherein large numbers of African American voters resided.” Plaintiffs sought to enjoin Blackwell from violating plaintiffs' constitutional rights prior to the next statewide election, in addition to other forms of relief. On the same day they filed suit, plaintiffs sent a letter to each of Ohio's 88 county boards of elections that notified them to preserve the election ballots from the November 2004 presidential election.
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Party Not Entitled to Shift Costs of Restoring Emails that were Converted to Inaccessible Format After Duty to Preserve was Triggered

Quinby v. WestLB AG, 2006 WL 2597900 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 5, 2006)

Like the plaintiff in the Zubulake v. UBS Warburg LLC, the plaintiff in this case was a highly-paid investment banker who accused her employer of gender discrimination and illegal retaliation. In her requests for production, plaintiff requested that 19 current and former WestLB employees' email accounts be searched for certain terms alleged to refer to plaintiff in particular or that were potentially sexist in general. Plaintiff also sought emails relating to discrimination against other women at WestLB and e-mails showing that men were more highly compensated than women. Most of the requests were not limited to any particular period of time.

Defendant objected, claiming the requests were overly broad and would result in undue burden. When the parties were unable to agree on the scope of electronic discovery, they sought the court’s help.

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Court Orders Party to Preserve Tapes of Recorded Phone Calls, and to Meet and Confer re Document Preservation Plan

Del Campo v. Kennedy, 2006 WL 2586633 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 8, 2006)

Plaintiff sued the District Attorney of Santa Clara County (George Kennedy) and American Corrective Counseling Services, Inc. ("ACCS"), a private company that operates a Bad Check Restitution Program under contracts with district attorneys in California. The program is designed to return lost monies to the victim and provide rehabilitation for the offender. Plaintiff alleged that ACCS unlawfully threatens to prosecute program participants and attempts to collect fees not allowed under the statute.

In June 2006, plaintiff filed an ex parte request for an interim order requiring preservation of documents. Plaintiff claimed to have recently learned that ACCS routinely tapes phone calls and routinely destroys the tapes on a two week schedule. Although the court denied the request on procedural grounds, the court ordered ACCS to abstain from destroying any existing tapes.

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Plaintiff's Misstatements to Court and Failure to Preserve Electronic Financial Records Warrant Ultimate Sanction of Dismissal

Ridge Chrysler Jeep, LLC v. Daimler Chrysler Servs. N. Am., LLC, 2006 WL 2808158 (N.D. Ill. Sept. 6, 2006)

In this opinion (which was issued September 6, 2006, not 2005), the court adopted the Report and Recommendation of the magistrate judge assigned to handle discovery disputes in the case, and dismissed the case with prejudice. One basis for dismissal related to plaintiffs’ failure to preserve and produce financial records stored on computers and misrepresentations about same.

Plaintiffs were two dealerships (“Midlothian” and “Marquette”) that filed a verified complaint alleging that Chrysler persisted in a “shocking corporate policy of blatant racial discrimination and redlining” by refusing to provide financing for African-American customers purchasing cars at the dealerships. Plaintiffs alleged violation of the Automobile Dealers' Day in Court Act, as well as state law violations of the Illinois Motor Vehicle Franchise Act, tortious interference with prospective business advantage, and breach of contract. Mr. Gerald Gorman was the president and owner of both dealerships, and he personally verified the facts included in plaintiffs’ verified complaint.

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Court Denies Spoliation Motion and Request for Evidentiary Hearing on Party's E-Discovery Preservation Methods

O'Brien v. Ed Donnelly Enters., Inc., 2006 WL 2583327 (S.D. Ohio Sept. 5, 2006)

In this suit brought under the Fair Labor Standards Act, defendants had produced over 8,000 documents consisting largely of plaintiffs' work schedules and time punch and payroll records, including Time Punch Change Approval Reports (“TPCA Reports”) related to plaintiffs. The TPCA Reports were printed from defendants’ computer system, referred to as the “in-store processor” or “ISP.” The reports were printed automatically by the ISP as part of the closing paperwork each day, and were regularly kept and maintained by defendants as paper files. The information contained in the TPCA Reports was stored in the ISP in electronic form for 72 days. In addition, defendants backed-up the ISP nightly, using one of three rotating backup tapes. Each backup tape contained information for the preceding 72 days. The tapes were overwritten every three days so that, at most, the backup tapes combined contain information for the preceding 74 days. Defendants attested that the tapes were intended solely for disaster recovery.

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Insufficient Preservation Efforts Warranted Monetary Sanctions, but not Adverse Inference Instruction

Consol. Aluminum Corp. v. Alcoa, Inc., 2006 WL 2583308 (M.D. La. July 19, 2006)

In this opinion, the magistrate judge considered plaintiff’s motion for sanctions based on spoliation of evidence, and concluded that, although adverse inference instructions were not warranted, defendant’s conduct in negligently failing to preserve electronic evidence “should not go unpunished.” Accordingly, the magistrate ordered that defendant bear plaintiff’s costs for re-deposing certain witnesses for the limited purpose of inquiring into issues raised by the destruction of evidence and regarding any newly discovered emails. The magistrate further granted plaintiff’s request to serve additional discovery relating to the electronic evidence which was not preserved, and awarded plaintiff the reasonable costs and attorneys' fees incurred in bringing this motion and in investigating and attempting to obtain the discovery at issue.

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Party Not Required to Produce Financials in Searchable Electronic Format, In Part Because Requesting Party Had Refused Similar Request

OKI Am., Inc. v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., 2006 WL 2547464 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 31, 2006)

In this patent litigation, AMD moved to compel the production of certain financial documents, complaining that OKI had produced a disk containing 29,000 pages of financial materials which “were not in electronic format and not searchable.” In response, OKI expressed “outrage” that AMD was demanding exactly the kind of documents that AMD itself refused to provide. OKI stated it was forced to spend almost $25,000 to convert AMD’s documents into a searchable electronic format, after AMD produced its documents in unsearchable "tiff" format. Further, AMD had produced its materials “in a form that did not correspond to OKI's infringement contentions and not in Microsoft Excel, as OKI had requested.”

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Court Approves Responding Party's Limited Production for Overbroad E-Discovery Request

Lewis v. Sch. Dist. #70, 2006 WL 2506465 (S.D. Ill. Aug. 25, 2006)

In this wrongful termination lawsuit, plaintiff sought production of “All emails with attachments sent or received by anyone at the school since 1-1-97.” Defendants objected that the request was vague, ambiguous, overly broad, unduly burdensome, oppressive, and would encompass matters not relevant to the litigation. Notwithstanding their objections, defendants subsequently produced all existing emails sent to or from the plaintiff, or pertaining to plaintiff's performance during the time period at issue.

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Court Denies Motion for Sanctions Based upon Defendant's Failure to Maintain Certain Data, Noting that Plaintiff's Preemptive "Spoliation Letter" Cannot Make "End Run" Around FRCP

Frey v. Gainey Transp. Servs., Inc., 2006 WL 2443787 (N.D. Ga. Aug. 22, 2006)

This personal injury litigation arose from an accident involving plaintiff’s car and a tractor-trailer driven by defendant Rogers while he was employed by defendant Gainey Transportation. Ten days after the accident occurred and before any litigation had been filed, plaintiff's counsel sent a letter to Tim Kelly, the Safety Director at Gainey, demanding that Mr. Kelly preserve numerous and varied documents and materials fully described in a fifteen-page attachment to the letter. Plaintiff's counsel asserted that any “destruction or alteration” of the material would be considered “spoliation of evidence.” In this decision, the court denies plaintiff’s motion for sanctions based upon Gainey’s failure to preserve any “QualComm” satellite tracking information.

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Court Rules that Employment of De-Duplication Technology and Use of Search Terms are Reasonable Means of Narrowing Production

In re CV Therapeutics, Inc. Sec. Litig., 2006 WL 2458720 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 22, 2006)

In this securities class action, the parties had previously agreed on the entry of a stipulated order governing the discovery of material restored from backup tapes maintained by the defendant. (A copy of the Backup Tape Stipulation is available here.) Subsequently, plaintiffs learned from an undisclosed source that additional backup tapes existed which had not been produced, and moved to compel. The court issued an order dated April 3, 2006, which resolved that dispute, along with several other discovery disputes. (A copy of the court’s April 3, 2006 order is available here.) With respect to the newly discovered backup tapes, the court concluded that defendants had not intentionally hid the existence of the tapes, but that they should have been subject to the terms of the parties’ Backup Tape Stipulation. It continued:

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Court Holds that Former Employee's Emails with Private Attorney, Which Were Retrieved Forensically from Employer-Provided Laptop Computer, Are Privileged

Nat’l Econ. Research Assocs., Inc. v. Evans, 2006 WL 2440008 (Mass. Super. Ct. Aug. 3, 2006)

In this litigation between a consulting firm and its former employee, the court considered the firm’s motion to compel the production of attorney-client privileged communications. Plaintiff sought production of emails sent and received via the employee’s personal, password-protected email account, which were saved in a temporary Internet file on the employee’s company-issued laptop and retrieved through forensic means after his departure from the firm.

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Second Circuit Certifies Question to N.Y. Court of Appeals: Can electronic data, computer programs, or electronic data saved in computer programs support a claim for conversion?

Thyroff v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 460 F.3d 400 (2d Cir. 2006)

The plaintiff in this case is an insurance agent formerly associated with the defendant insurance company. Plaintiff and defendant had executed an Agent’s Agreement, and defendant had required that plaintiff lease an agency office-automation system (“AOA”), including hardware and software, from defendant. During the 21 years he was an agent of defendant, plaintiff’s office operations were very much dependent on the AOA. Plaintiff and his staff entered business data and information onto the hard drives of the AOA system on a daily basis, and defendant then uploaded that information on a nightly basis from plaintiff’s computers onto defendant’s computers. In the process, defendant also uploaded plaintiff’s personal information.

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New York Court Orders Additional Searches of Restored Data and Backup Tapes, Shifting All Costs, Including Attorney Fees for Privilege Review, to Requesting Party

Delta Fin. Corp. v. Morrison, 2006 WL 2403437 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. Aug. 17, 2006)
This case involved breach of contract and fraud claims stemming from an exchange of assets between some of the parties, which took place in August 2001. The opinion resolves the parties’ dispute relating to three categories of electronic documents sought by one of the defendants (“LLC”) from the plaintiff (“DFC”): 1) non-email electronic documents which LLC claimed were not captured by DFC's search process; 2) emails which LLC claimed were not captured by DFC's ninety-day back-up tapes; and 3) emails from January 1, 1999 through July 12, 2000.

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Party Seeks Preservation Order Where Phase III of Litigation Could Occur in 2009, Citing Concerns re Document Retention Policy

United States v. Magnesium Corp. of Am., 2006 WL 2350155, (D. Utah Aug. 11, 2006)

In this decision, the court considered the government's motion for an order requiring certain defendants "to maintain documents in their possession that are relevant to this case throughout all phases of the litigation." In making the request, the government indicated that it has no reason to believe that the defendants were destroying documents, but also noted that Phase III of the litigation could occur as late as 2009. Since the government did not know whether the defendants had a policy that limits the time that documents are retained, it wanted to ensure that relevant documents were not inadvertently destroyed as part of the defendants' document retention policy. Continue Reading...

Court Finds In-House Counsel's Litigation Database Privileged; Disclosure to Auditor did not Effect Waiver

Lawrence E. Jaffee Pension Plan v. Household Int’l, Inc., 2006 WL 1898151 (N.D. Ill. July 6, 2006)

In this securities fraud class action, plaintiffs sought to compel production of documents relating to Household's litigation database. During the class period, Household's Office of the General Counsel collected and maintained information regarding all litigation that was being prosecuted, defended, or supervised by attorneys in that department. The purpose of the database was to assist Household's counsel in understanding, managing and providing legal advice to management about each lawsuit. According to Household, attorneys or staff under their direction added comments to the database reflecting the attorneys' mental impressions, conclusions, opinions, and strategies. Household further claimed that it implemented strict controls to protect the confidentiality of these records, and that the database has never been disclosed to Household's outside auditors or any other third party.

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Defendant Not Required To Produce Employee Contact Information in Electronic Form

E.E.O.C. v. Lexus Serramonte, 2006 WL 2329510 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 9, 2006)

In this decision, the court ruled upon plaintiff’s motion to compel defendants to respond to the following:

(1) Interrogatory No. 9 “IDENTIFY each PERSON employed by YOU at YOUR Lexus of Serramonte Facility during the REQUESTED TIME PERIOD providing the following information for each: name, gender, hire date, last date employed if currently laid off, residence addresses, telephone numbers, social security number, and employment position.”; (2) Request No. 17 “An electronic database file, in Quattro Pro readable format, IDENTIFYING YOUR CURRENT employees in the Serramonte Facility including each employees' name, gender, hire date, last date employed if currently laid off, residence addresses, telephone numbers, social security number, and employment position.”; and (3) Request No. 18 “An electronic database file, in Quattro Pro readable format, IDENTIFYING all female employees that worked with or under the supervision of Roderick V. Helaire, Francis Chang, Yan Epshtein and Bob Fraley from 2000 to the present, including each employee's name, hire date, last date employed if currently laid off, residence addresses, telephone numbers, social security number, and employment position.”

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Court Awards $45,162 in Fees and Costs for Sanctions Motion, to be Shared Equally by Defendants and Their Counsel

Phoenix Four, Inc. v. Strategic Res. Corp., 2006 WL 2135798 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 1, 2006)

In a follow up to an earlier decision granting in part and denying in part plaintiff’s motion for sanctions, Phoenix Four, Inc. v. Strategic Res. Corp., 2006 WL 1409413 (S.D.N.Y. May 23, 2006), the court evaluated plaintiff’s petition for attorneys’ fees and costs associated with the motion. Plaintiff sought $60,216 in fees and costs, and the SRC Defendants argued that plaintiff was to a maximum amount of only $17,658. The court found plaintiff had included time for reviewing 172 boxes of documents produced late by the SRC Defendants, and that this time was improper since plaintiff’s counsel would have had to review these documents anyway. Since the firm's use of block billing made it impossible to identify the work specifically related to the motion, and separate it from unrelated work, the court reduced the requested total of $60,215.76 by 25 percent. Accordingly, the court granted Phoenix's request for attorney's fees and costs associated with bringing the motion for sanctions in the sum of $45,161.82, to be paid equally by the SRC Defendants and their law firm, Mound Cotton. The court further ruled that the SRC Defendants' share “may not be borne by their insurance carriers.” Apparently, Mound Cotton was free to seek reimbursement from its insurance carrier if there was coverage for such.


Defendant's Document Retention Policy "Clearly Relevant" and Must Be Produced

Petersen v. Union Pacific R.R. Co., 2006 WL 2054365 (C.D. Ill. July 21, 2006)

In this opinion, the magistrate judge overruled defendant’s objections to certain discovery requests, reminding the parties: “Remember, we are talking discovery, not admissibility at trial.” One of the disputed requests for production sought defendant’s document retention policy:
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Court Awards Prevailing Party $4.6 Million in Costs for Litigation Database Creation

Lockheed Martin Idaho Techs. Co. v. Lockheed Martin Advanced Envtl. Sys., Inc., 2006 WL 2095876 (D. Idaho July 27, 2006)

In this diversity case, the federal district court awarded the prevailing party its costs under 28 U.S.C. § 1920(4) in three areas: (1) $4.6 million in costs for creating a litigation database; (2) $600,000 in costs for trial evidence presentation; and (3) $200,000 in costs for copies.

The court evaluated the request as follows:

Turning to the first category, the litigation database was necessary due to the extreme complexity of this case and the millions of documents that had to be organized. While the creation of the database is expensive, it is not unreasonably so, and it saved immense time for counsel who otherwise would have to sift through the documents by hand. Given these circumstances, the Court finds that these costs are recoverable under § 1920(4).

With regard to the trial evidence presentation costs, the Court required counsel to put the trial evidence in electronic format. It was important that the evidence presentation be efficient and of high quality. The Court cannot find these costs unreasonable. The Court will likewise approve the third category, the coping costs.

Spoliation Inference Further Supports Court's Finding that Defendant Infringed Motion Picture Copyrights

Paramount Pictures Corp. v. Davis, 2006 WL 2092581 (E.D. Pa. July 26, 2006)

In an earlier opinion (Paramount Pictures Corp. v. Davis, 234 F.R.D. 102 (E.D. Pa. 2005), summarized here), the court denied summary judgment but concluded that an adverse inference sanction was warranted based upon defendant’s spoliation of evidence. In this opinion, the court sets out its findings of fact and conclusions of law from the subsequent bench trial, and decides the case in favor of Paramount.

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No Evidence that Plaintiff's Expert Deliberately Concealed Relevant Information

On Time Aviation, Inc. v. Bombardier Capital, Inc., 2006 WL 2092075 (D. Conn. July 26, 2006)

In this order, the district court overruled defendant’s objections to certain discovery rulings made by the magistrate judge. Defendants had argued that plaintiff's consultant and expert witness (Schuller) must have deliberately concealed relevant information, since he had not produced a particular email. Rejecting defendants’ argument, the court noted that they had proffered no evidence that Schuller deliberately deleted the email, and that Schuller had stated he believed he never received it because all his other emails from that time period were printed out in chronological order, and the email was not there. The court further noted that the email in question did not contain Schuller’s email address, “so there is no confirmation that it was sent to or received by him.”

The court further overruled defendants’ objections to the magistrate’s finding that plaintiff had satisfied its discovery obligations by providing affidavits from two other witnesses which stated that they generally did not use email, did not have in their possession any such messages related to the case, and that any messages they had sent to or received from Schuller were already produced by Schuller.

Court's Finding that Rambus Committed Spoliation of Evidence Does Not Jeopardize Corporate America's Use of Legitimate Document Retention Policies

Samsung Elecs. Co., Ltd. v. Rambus, Inc., 2006 WL 2038417 (E.D. Va. July 18, 2006)

Samsung filed this action seeking a declaratory judgment, inter alia, that four patents held by Rambus were unenforceable by virtue of the doctrines of unclean hands, equitable estoppel, patent misuse, waiver and laches. The patents-in-suit were the same as the four patents-in-suit in Rambus, Inc. v. Infineon Technologies AG, No. CIV. A. 3:00cv524 (E.D.Va.) ("Rambus v. Infineon"). Rambus asserted counterclaims against Samsung, alleging infringement of two of the patents. Continue Reading...

Defendant's Delay in Producing Responsive Email Warranted Monetary Sanctions

Omega Patents, LLC v. Fortin Auto Radio, Inc., 2006 WL 2038534 (M.D. Fla. July 19, 2006)

After patent infringement litigation was resolved through a settlement agreement in which Fortin was granted a license to practice certain patents, Omega Patents filed this lawsuit to enforce the settlement agreement, believing that certain royalties from the patents were being under-reported. In this opinion, the court granted plaintiff’s motion for sanctions to be imposed against one of the defendants under Rule 37(d). Continue Reading...

Court Denies Motion to Dismiss Complaint as Discovery Sanction, Finding No Willful Disregard or Bad Faith

Gen. Med., PC v. Morning View Care Ctrs., 2006 WL 2045890 (S.D. Ohio July 20, 2006)

Plaintiff’s complaint alleged claims for breach of contract and tortious interference arising out of a contract for General Medicine to provide medical care at six of Morning View's residential health care facilities. In this opinion, the district court adopted the magistrate’s Report and Recommendation that defendant’s motion to dismiss complaint as a discovery sanction be denied. Continue Reading...

Court Denies Motion to Compel Plaintiff to Correlate Information Produced Electronically to Particular Document Requests

Eastman Kodak Co. v. Sony Corp., 2006 WL 2039968 (W.D.N.Y. July 20, 2006)

In this case, the special master issued a Report and Recommendation recommending, inter alia, that Sony's motion to compel Kodak to more specifically correlate information produced electronically via a computer server, CD-Roms and DVDs, to Sony's document requests be denied. Sony objected to the Report and asked the court to direct Kodak to produce the documents in the form requested by Sony, or, in the alternative to produce documents in the form requested for certain of the more narrow document requests. Sony argued that if the Special Master's Report and Recommendation were allowed to stand, it would be deprived of due process because it would be virtually impossible to find relevant documents "hidden" in the electronic equivalent of approximately 300 million pages of produced documents. Continue Reading...

Plaintiff's Intentional and Bad Faith Discovery Misconduct Warrants Dismissal of Complaint

Covucci v. Keane Consulting Group, Inc., 2006 WL 2004215 (Mass. Super. Ct. May 31, 2006)

In this age discrimination case, defendants moved to dismiss the complaint as a sanction for the intentional spoliation of material evidence by plaintiff Covucci. After conducting a hearing and taking testimony from Covucci, the court found that defendants had proved by clear and convincing evidence that plaintiff intentionally and in bad faith engaged in a pattern of conduct that encompassed the destruction of evidence relating to the creation of an email that was the central document in the case, provided false and misleading testimony at his deposition and at the evidentiary hearing, and that his conduct was calculated to interfere with the judicial system's ability impartially to adjudicate the case. The court further found that the plaintiff's misconduct had prejudiced the defendants in their ability to defend against these claims and that dismissal of the complaint was warranted. Continue Reading...

Court Denies Discovery Related to Party's Document Retention Policies and Computer Systems and Finds Hard Copy Production Adequate

India Brewing, Inc. v. Miller Brewing Co., 2006 WL 2023396 (E.D. Wis. July 13, 2006)

In this case involving claims and counterclaims alleging breach of contract, fraudulent inducement, and negligent misrepresentation, the court ruled on plaintiff’s motion to compel discovery. Continue Reading...

Court Quashes Subpoena to Defendants' Computer Forensics Consultant

Trammell v. Anderson Coll., 2006 WL 1997425 (D.S.C. July 17, 2006)

In this employment discrimination case, plaintiffs alleged that plaintiff Dr. Jena Trammell, a tenured professor at defendant Anderson College, was subjected to a hostile work environment by another professor (Dr. Teitloff) and that the College retaliated against her for filing a claim with the EEOC. Continue Reading...

Summary Judgment Not Avoided By Reviving Past Discovery Disputes; Court Criticizes Plaintiff's Overly Broad Pre-Suit Preservation Letter

Turner v. Resort Condos. Int’l, LLC, 2006 WL 1990379 (S.D. Ind. July 13, 2006)

In this opinion, the court granted defendants’ motion for summary judgment on plaintiff’s pregnancy discrimination claim, and denied plaintiff’s motion for sanctions based on alleged discovery abuses. In ruling on the motion for summary judgment, the court found that plaintiff had not come forward with any evidence that raised a reasonable dispute about the reasons behind her termination. “She has noted the use of two font sizes on a single document and metadata suggesting that one of the [Reduction in Force] lists was modified after the lawsuit was filed. However, the most recent document production and the deposition testimony of RCI's in-house information technology witness establish that at least nine emails confirmed Turner's inclusion in the RIF before she told anyone at RCI that she was pregnant.” Continue Reading...

Magistrate Approves Petition for $72,910 in Attorneys' Fees and Costs Relating to Discovery Dispute

McDowell v. Gov’t of D.C., 2006 WL 1933809 (D.D.C. July 11, 2006)

In an earlier opinion, summarized here, Magistrate Judge John A. Facciola denied the plaintiff’s request for judgment to be entered against the defendant for various discovery failings. The court concluded that the discovery dispute could be adequately remedied by the imposition of attorneys' fees and costs against defendants and the possibility of a jury instruction. In this opinion, the court evaluated plaintiffs’ fee petition and awarded plaintiff $72,910 in fees and costs.

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Court Denies Motion to Compel Return of Inadvertently Produced Privileged Materials

Marrero Hernandez v. Esso Standard Oil Co., 2006 WL 1967364 (D. Puerto Rico July 11, 2006)

In this opinion, the court used a five-factor test to conclude that the defendant’s “inadvertent” production of privileged materials effected a waiver.

On March 14, 2006, a third-party defendant in the case filed a motion for permission to file a counterclaim against Esso. Attached to the proposed counterclaim were several documents that were stamped with the prefix "VEGAC." Those documents had been disclosed by Esso during the months of November and December 2005. Three days later, Esso recognized the exhibits as privileged and claimed that they were inadvertently produced due to an "errant mouse click."

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Court Defers Ruling on Whether Additional Email Searches Are Necessary, Ordering Producing Party to Submit Detailed Affidavit re Scope of Search

Peskoff v. Faber, 2006 WL 1933483 (D.D.C. July 11, 2006)

Plaintiff Jonathan Peskoff sued to recover damages for financial injury resulting from defendant Michael Faber's operation of a venture capital fund, called NextPoint Partners, LP, and the fund's related entities. NextPoint GP, LLC ("NextPoint GP") was the general partner of the venture capital fund. Both Peskoff and Faber were managing members of NextPoint GP. Peskoff alleged fraud and related claims.

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Court Issues Order to Show Cause Regarding Possible Destruction of Documents; Ultimately Declines to Issue Adverse Inference Instruction

Washington Alder LLC v. Weyerhaeuser Co., 2004 WL 4076674 (D. Or. May 5, 2004)

In this recently published opinion, the court set forth its corrected order to show cause why sanctions should not be imposed on Weyerhaeuser for failing to preserve electronic and paper records potentially relating to antitrust litigation after June 8, 1999, when Weyerhaeuser was notified of a forthcoming antitrust claim. Plaintiff claimed that Weyerhaeuser apparently did not issue a records retention order until April 2003, and that documents potentially relevant to the case – both electronic and paper – may have been destroyed prior to then, either deliberately or by failing to take the steps necessary to preserve those documents. Plaintiff asked the court to instruct the jury that it may draw an adverse inference from the destruction of documents.

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Court Finds Inadvertent Production of Privileged Spreadsheets Did Not Effect Waiver

Williams v. Sprint/United Mgmt. Co., 2006 WL 1867478 (D. Kan. July 1, 2006)

This opinion describes the court’s in camera review of mathematical spreadsheets and other documents (“adverse impact documents”) inadvertently disclosed by the defendant, and concludes that no waiver was effected. All five relevant factors considered by the court weighed against finding waiver:

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Court Denies Motion to Compel Forensic Examination of Opposing Party's Hard Drives

Deipenhorst v. City of Battle Creek, 2006 WL 1851243 (W.D. Mich. June 30, 2006)

In this sexual harassment action, a former police department employee asserted that her supervisor (Sgt. Penning) subjected her to unwelcome sexual advances and requests for sexual favors. This memorandum opinion grants Sgt. Penning’s motion to compel the production of original journals, notes, calendars, and other documents, so that defendant's forensic document expert might subject these items to nondestructive testing. The court rejected as unreasonable the conditions proposed by plaintiff that her own expert, as well as perhaps plaintiff's counsel, be present at all times during the forensic examination by defendant's document expert. The court noted that, in general, each party should be free to engage in its own trial preparation unhampered by the intrusive supervision of the opposing party. “In cases such as this, where purely nondestructive testing is proposed, the court generally allows the examiner to perform his or her work without being scrutinized by the opposing expert.” Further, the court observed that defendant's expert would be required to file a Rule 26(a)(2) report disclosing all his findings and would be subject to deposition and cross-examination. “This provides sufficient safeguard for any legitimate concern by plaintiff regarding the expert's methodology.”  

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Court Denies Request for Forensic Examination of Opposing Party's Hard Drives

Advante Int’l Corp. v. Mintel Learning Tech., 2006 WL 1806151 (N.D. Cal. June 29, 2006)

In this order, the court denied defendant’s motion to allow the forensic examination of plaintiff’s computer hard drives. Although the court noted that, in some cases, it may be appropriate to allow a forensic examination of computer hard drives, it concluded that defendant’s unsupported accusations of misconduct did not justify the remedy sought: Continue Reading...

Court's In Camera Privilege Review Found Only 491 Documents Privileged, of 30,000 Claimed; Fifth Circuit Finds Review Process Inadequate and Orders Re-Examination of 2,000 Documents

Vioxx Prods. Liab. Litig. Steering Comm. v. Merck & Co., Inc., 2006 WL 1726675 (5th Cir. May 26, 2006)

Merck Company, Inc. (“Merck”) sought interlocutory appeal and a writ of mandamus in response to the district court’s ruling on Merck’s attorney-client privilege claim as to certain documents sought in connection with Vioxx Products Liability multi-district litigation (“MDL”). Timely resolution of the privilege claim was deemed crucial to many of the thousands of cases included in the MDL. Although the Fifth Circuit found that it did not have appellate jurisdiction, it did order the re-examination of documents.

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Court Requires Production of Electronic Documents in Native Format

In re NYSE Specialists Sec. Litig., 2006 WL 1704447 (S.D.N.Y. June 14, 2006)

In this ruling regarding various class certification discovery issues, the court ordered:

  • The Specialist Defendants shall produce all documents previously produced by them to the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") and the New York Stock Exchange (the "NYSE") in the course of their investigations of the Specialist Defendants' actions underlying this litigation.
  • All hard copy documents shall be produced on single page tiff images, uploadable on both Opticon and Concordance.  All electronic documents shall be produced in their native format.  When producing electronic documents, the producing party shall also provide all metadata

Washington Court Enters Ultimate Sanction of Default Against Defendants for Discovery Abuses, Reinstating $8,064,055 Jury Verdict

Maga?a v. Hyundai Motor America, No. 00-2-00553-2 (Clark County, Wash. Super. Ct. Feb. 15, 2006) (Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law Re:  Default Judgment)

At the first trial of this product liability case, the jury awarded plaintiff over $8 million in damages for injuries he sustained after he was ejected out of the hatchback of a 1996 Hyundai Accent in a 1997 accident.  Hyundai appealed liability but not damages, and the case was remanded for a second trial on the issue of liability.  Preparing for the second trial, plaintiff filed a motion to compel defendants to produce documents relating to other similar incidents.  The court granted the motion, and ordered Hyundai to produce “Police Reports, legal claims, consumer Complaints and Expert Reports or Depositions and Exhibits and photographs thereto with respect to all consumer complaints and lawsuits involving allegations of seatback failure on all Hyundai vehicles with single recliner mechanisms regardless of incident date and regardless of model year.”  Hyundai was ordered to produce all legal claims, consumer complaints and policy reports by November 21, 2005, and to produce all expert reports, photographs, depositions and exhibits thereto by December 1, 2005.

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10th Circuit Declines to Adopt a Rule of "Selective Waiver" which would Allow Production of Work Product and Privileged Documents to Investigators Without Waiving Further Protection

In re Qwest Communications Int'l, Inc., 2006 WL 1668246 (10th Cir. June 19, 2006)

In this mandamus action, Qwest Communications International, Inc. presented an issue of first impression in the 10th Circuit, namely, whether Qwest waived the attorney-client privilege and work-product doctrine, as to third-party civil litigants, by releasing privileged materials to federal agencies in the course of the agencies' investigation of Qwest. Qwest urged the appellate court to adopt a rule of "selective waiver" or "limited waiver" which would allow production of attorney-client privileged and work-product documents to the United States Department of Justice and the Securities and Exchange Commission without waiver of further protection for those materials. The court held that the district court did not abuse its discretion in declining to apply selective waiver and denied Qwest's petition for a writ of mandamus.

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Special Master to Evaluate Authenticity of Electronic Evidence Which Plaintiff Claimed Was Fabricated

Inventory Locator Serv. LLC v. Partsbase, Inc., 2006 WL 1646091 (W.D. Tenn. June 14, 2006)

In this case, plaintiff brought claims under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, alleging that defendant obtained unlawful access to plaintiff's computerized database. Defendant counterclaimed, alleging similar conduct by plaintiff. Plaintiff moved to strike the counterclaim and for the appointment of a special master under Rule 53(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure to determine whether defendant fabricated evidence. Plaintiff offered to pay the initial costs associated with the appointment of a special master.

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Court Declines to "Second Guess" Expert's Advice on Litigation Hold

Kemper Mortgage, Inc. v. Russell, 2006 WL 2319858 (S.D. Ohio Apr. 18, 2006)

Plaintiff submitted a letter request to the court regarding a litigation hold, and the court heard oral argument on the request by telephone with both parties participating. Plaintiff represented that its computer forensics expert had advised that a "litigation hold" be effected by making a mirror image of plaintiff's corporate server, laptops, and a branch server, at a cost of roughly $4,000. Plaintiff sought the telephone conference "to discuss the Court's wishes on the preservation of evidence through the litigation hold, and which party will bear the related costs."

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Court Finds Subject Matter Waiver: Plaintiff Entitled to Retain Privileged Email and Inquire into All Related Communications

Crossroads Sys., Inc. v. Dot Hill Sys. Corp., 2006 WL 1544621 (W.D. Tex. May 31, 2006)

In this patent case, Dot Hill Systems Corporation ("Dot Hill") produced to Crossroads Systems, Inc. ("Crossroads") an email drafted by Thomas Lavan ("Lavan"), Director of Intellectual Property for Chaparral Network Storage, Inc. ("Chaparral"), and sent to Chaparral's outside patent counsel, Alan Davis. (During the litigation, Dot Hill acquired Chaparral, and Crossroads asserted patent infringement by Dot Hill based on Dot Hill's original products and Chaparral's products.) Dot Hill's 30(b)(6) witness, Dana Kammersgard, was asked questions about the email during her deposition, but no objections were made based on attorney-client privilege.

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When it Absolutely, Positively Does Not Merit an Adverse Inference Instruction, FedEx Defeats Motion in Limine

Durst v. FedEx Express, 2006 WL 1541027 (D.N.J. June 2, 2006)

Plaintiff ("Durst") had been employed as a part-time courier by FedEx. He contended that he was required to drive vehicles with "safety issues" that suffered regular breakdowns. One day, he was unable to insert the key into the ignition of his truck. FedEx sent a replacement vehicle, but instead of finishing his route, Durst returned to the station and refused to deliver remaining packages. He based this refusal on alleged unaddressed safety concerns and prior vehicle breakdowns. Durst received a termination letter two days later. Litigation ensued, FedEx unsuccessfully moved for summary judgment, and Durst filed a motion in limine seeking an adverse inference that FedEx destroyed or failed to maintain evidence that would have been favorable to Durst and unfavorable to FedEx. Such evidence included accident reports, towing records, Vehicle Inspection Reports (regularly filled out by FedEx couriers), vehicle repair histories, and email identifying repeated problems with vehicles.

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Insufficient Diligence in Planning and Executing Search for Responsive Documents Warrants Monetary Sanctions, but not Default Judgment

Cardenas v. Dorel Juvenile Group, Inc., 2006 WL 1537394 (D. Kan. June 1, 2006)

In this product liability action involving a Touriva child safety seat, plaintiffs sought sanctions against the defendant pursuant to Rule 37 for various claimed discovery abuses. Among other things, plaintiffs argued that DJG had attempted to conceal a crucial and damaging document known as "CEA 416." (Plaintiffs explained that "CEA" was an acronym for a "Capital Expenditure Authorization" and was a DJG form which provided a description and justification for a design modification made during the life of a product.) Plaintiffs asked the court to strike DJG's Answer and preclude DJG from pursuing any of its affirmative defenses in this matter, which would effectively result in the entry of default judgment against DJG.

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Court Directs Plaintiff to Provide a Table of Contents or Index for Imaged Documents Produced on CD

Residential Constructors, LLC v. Ace Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 2006 WL 1582122 (D. Nev. June 5, 2006)

In this insurance coverage case, defendant had earlier moved to compel the production of documents by plaintiff. Plaintiff responded that it had taken several months to gather the voluminous documents and review them for privileged materials, and finally made available "41 large-sized boxes" of documents for inspection. By agreement of the parties, the documents were digitally imaged and then burned to CD for production. Plaintiff represented that the documents were imaged in the same order as they existed in hard copy, and were numbered in continuous order as found in the boxes. However, plaintiff did not provide any table of contents or index for the imaged materials.

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Court's Chambers Used to Make Forensic Image of Defendant's Hard Drive; Court Enters Protective Order Directing Plaintiffs Not to Disclose Contents Unrelated to the Action

Warner Bros. Records, Inc. v. Souther, 2006 WL 1549689 (W.D.N.C. June 1, 2006)

In this case, plaintiffs sued for copyright infringement, contending that defendant unlawfully downloaded and distributed copyrighted materials through the use of a peer-to-peer, online media distribution system. Defendant denied the allegations and further denied giving anyone permission to use the computer to conduct the activities complained of. Discovery disputes ensued, and plaintiffs filed motions to extend the discovery deadline and to compel full and complete answers to interrogatories.

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Fact Disputes Coupled with Adverse Inference from Possible Spoliation Allow Plaintiffs to Avoid Summary Judgment

Morgan v. U.S. Xpress, Inc., 2006 WL 1548029 (M.D. Ga. June 2, 2006)

This case involves a motor vehicle accident about which plaintiffs and defendant offered entirely different theories. Plaintiffs alleged that the accident occurred when a U.S. Xpress tractor-trailer pulled out from the shoulder of the road and turned sharply in front of Wes Morgan's semi-oil tanker, forcing Mr. Morgan to veer to the right shoulder of the road to avoid hitting the truck and, in the process, lose control. Defendant alleged that the accident was a single-vehicle accident involving only Mr. Morgan, pointing to the results of a police investigation, which found no physical evidence of a second vehicle, and no eyewitnesses to the accident.

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Magistrate Finds Litigation Hold Notices Relevant, But Not Subject To Discovery Because Privileged

Kingsway Fin. Servs., Inc. v. Pricewaterhouse-Coopers LLP, 2006 WL 1520227 (S.D.N.Y. June 1, 2006) and Kingsway Fin. Servs., Inc. v. Pricewaterhouse-Coopers LLP, 2006 WL 1295409 (S.D.N.Y. May 10, 2006)

In these two opinions, the magistrate denied motions to compel plaintiff to produce document retention notices that it had issued regarding the litigation. Plaintiff resisted on privilege grounds, and the moving parties argued that any privilege had been waived by plaintiff's failure to list the document retention notices on its privilege log.

The court determined that the plaintiff's document retention (or "litigation hold") notices were relevant: "Like a party's destruction of relevant documents, if plaintiff's document retention notices are patently deficient or inadequate in some other respect, they might support a negative inference concerning the merits of plaintiff's claims."

However, since neither of the two notices were in existence at the time plaintiff's response to the requests for production was due, the court found that plaintiff's failure to list them on a privilege log did not waive any privilege that applied.

Magistrate Orders Production of Payroll and Timekeeping Records in Electronic, Manipulable Form Despite Prior Hard Copy Production

Ayers v. SGS Control Servs., 2006 WL 1519609 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 3, 2006)

In a previous ruling, summarized here, the court ordered defendants to produce spreadsheets containing mathematical calculations regarding the payroll and timekeeping data. See Ayers v. SGS Control Servs., 2006 WL 618786 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 9, 2006), and Ayers v. SGS Control Servs., 2006 WL 859362 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 3, 2006) (denying defendants' requests for reconsideration). In addition, the court had previously ordered plaintiffs to produce their damage calculations. In order to do these calculations, however, plaintiffs needed raw payroll and timekeeping data from defendants.

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Magistrate Articulates Sampling, Conversion and Search Protocols for Hard Copy Insurance Claim Files

J.C. Associates v. Fidelity & Guar. Ins. Co., 2006 WL 1445173 (D.D.C. May 25, 2006)

In this insurance coverage dispute, plaintiff sought discovery of the 1.4 million active and inactive claim and litigation files in defendant's possession. Although the defendant did not physically search the 1.4 million files, it conducted an electronic search of the files, using internal codes that identify the category of the claim. This search identified 454 claims, including the six claims at issue in the case.

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California Appellate Court Sides with Internet Publishers and Directs that Subpoenas Issued by Apple Computer, Inc. be Quashed

O'Grady v. Superior Court, 2006 WL 1452685 (Cal. Ct. App. May 26, 2006)

Apple Computer, Inc. (Apple) brought this action alleging that persons unknown caused the wrongful publication on the World Wide Web of Apple's secret plans to release a device that would facilitate the creation of digital live sound recordings on Apple computers. In an effort to identify the source of the disclosures, Apple sought and obtained authority to issue civil subpoenas to the publishers of the Web sites where the information appeared and to the email service provider for one of the publishers. The publishers moved for a protective order to prevent any such discovery. The trial court denied the motion on the ground that the publishers had involved themselves in the unlawful misappropriation of a trade secret.

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Late Production of Electronic Documents Amounts to "Gross Negligence," and Warrants Monetary Sanctions Against Defendants and Counsel

Phoenix Four, Inc. v. Strategic Res. Corp., 2006 WL 1409413 (S.D.N.Y. May 23, 2006)

In this opinion, the court ruled on plaintiff's motion for sanctions against certain defendants and their counsel Mound Cotton Wollan & Greengrass ("Mound Cotton") for destruction and late production of evidence. Plaintiff requested: (1) an adverse inference instruction; (2) that defendants be precluded from making a summary judgment motion; (3) that defendants be precluded from raising certain claims and defenses, submitting any dispositive motions or asserting any defenses that cite to, or rely on, information contained in the recently retrieved documents, and that they be deemed to have admitted certain facts; (4) monetary sanctions; and (5) any other sanctions deemed appropriate. The court granted monetary sanctions only.

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Former Counsel for Morgan Stanley Successfully Petitions for Writ Directing Trial Court to Strike Revocation of Pro Hac Vice Status

Clare v. Coleman (Parent) Holdings, Inc., 2006 WL 1409137 (Fla. Ct. App. May 24, 2006)

The petitioner in this case, Thomas A. Clare, is a partner in the law firm of Kirkland & Ellis, LLP, who was admitted to appear pro hac vice on behalf of Morgan Stanley & Company in the suit brought by Coleman Holdings, Inc. in Florida state court. In that capacity, the petitioner served as the primary intermediary between Morgan Stanley and Coleman on discovery matters. The petitioner's pro hac vice admission was revoked in the trial court's March 23, 2005 order granting the entry of default judgment against Morgan Stanley (a copy of which is available here). On the same day the court entered the order, the court also heard Kirkland and Ellis's motion to withdraw from its representation of Morgan Stanley. During that hearing, the court commented that there was "nothing in this record that indicates that any misconduct on the part of Kirkland and Ellis was anything other than as a consequence of their serving as messengers. . . . "

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Magistrate Denies Request for Production of Native PST Files But Orders Defendants to Produce Electronic Material in a Readable, Usable Format

CP Solutions PTE, Ltd. v. General Elec. Co., 2006 WL 1272615 (D. Conn. Feb. 6, 2006)

In this recently published case, plaintiff found fault with defendants' production of 301,539 pages of documents in response to its 131 requests for production. Plaintiff moved to compel defendants (1) to supplement their production so as to identify every document which is responsive to each of plaintiff's requests for production; (2) to organize and label each responsive document to correspond to the categories of plaintiff's requests; and (3) to produce the "native" or "original" electronic documents identified as "Personal Folder Files" ("PST files") which, plaintiff alleged, underlie the hundreds of thousands of pages of emails and accompanying attachments comprising defendants' production "as they are kept in the normal course of business." Plaintiff argued that, due to the volume and disorganized state of defendants' production, defendants should be required to organize and label the documents produced to correspond to plaintiff's requests for production. Plaintiff complained that thousands of emails were separated from their attachments, thousands of pages of "gibberish" were produced, and documents were commingled and, thus, were not produced as kept in the ordinary course of business. Plaintiff further claimed that the PST files, as they are kept in the ordinary course of business, would drastically reduce the time needed to prepare an index of defendants' documents.

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Magistrate Allows Inspection of Plaintiff's Computer Where Many Financial Records Were Missing from Paper Production

Ukiah Auto. Invs. v. Mitsubishi Motors of N. Am., Inc., 2006 WL 1348562 (N.D. Cal. May 17, 2006)

In this brief order, the magistrate judge ruled on the parties' discovery disputes, including Mitsubishi's request for an order permitting it to inspect the computer used to record Ukiah's business transactions. Although Ukiah claimed that it had produced all relevant documents from the computer in paper form, Mitsubishi argued that this was insufficient because many financial statements were missing. Ukiah further claimed that the computer was no longer operational. Ukiah requested that any inspection be conducted by a neutral at Mitsubishi's expense.

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Ex-Employee Waived Attorney-Client Privilege as to Deleted Emails Later Recovered from Employer-Provided Laptops

Kaufman v. SunGard Inv. Sys., 2006 WL 1307882 (D.N.J. May 10, 2006) (Unpublished)

This case is similar to Curto v. Med. World Communications, Inc., 2006 WL 1318387 (E.D.N.Y. May 15, 2006), but it reaches a different result.

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District Court Affirms Magistrate's Decision Finding No Privilege Waiver as to Personal Files Stored on (but Later Deleted from) Employer-Provided Laptop

Curto v. Med. World Communications, Inc., 2006 WL 1318387 (E.D.N.Y. May 15, 2006)

In this opinion, the district court denied defendants' objections to a magistrate's discovery order which concluded that plaintiff had not waived any attorney-client privilege or work product protection as to documents originally created on (but subsequently deleted from) two employer-provided laptops.

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Citing Sedona Principles, State Court Allows Forensic Imaging of Former Employee's Home Computer

Quotient, Inc. v. Toon, 2005 WL 4006493 (Md. Cir. Ct. Dec. 23, 2005)

In this case, Quotient alleged that while still a Quotient employee, Mr. Toon intentionally and surreptitiously provided a former Quotient employee access to Quotient's computer system so that the former employee could obtain Quotient's trade secrets and confidential information and use such information to compete with Quotient. Quotient sought an order to permit Quotient's retained computer expert access to "Toon's personal computer system, hard drives and back-up hard drives, disks, C.D.'s and/or other data, back up devices or vehicles in order to capture an image of these items." Quotient represented it would pay the full and complete cost of the copying process and would abide by any restriction on access and use imposed by the court.

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Court Declines to Shift Costs of Production of E-mail from Backup Tapes, Citing Defendants' Non-Compliant and Deceptive Discovery Tactics and Disregard of Court Orders

Wachtel v. Guardian Life Ins. Co., 2006 WL 1286189 (D.N.J. May 8, 2006) (Unpublished)

In this opinion, the court addressed plaintiff's motion to compel production of certain materials being withheld by defendants on a claim of privilege. It also denied defendants' appeals of earlier discovery orders issued by the magistrate which imposed an adverse inference sanction for spoliation of evidence and required defendants to produce from backup tapes the e-mail of some 59 individuals.

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Plaintiff's Willful and Bad Faith Spoliation of Evidence and "Hide the Ball" Tactics Warranted Default Judgment on Counterclaims

Krumwiede v. Brighton Assocs., L.L.C., 2006 WL 1308629 (N.D. Ill. May 8, 2006)

In this case, plaintiff sued his former employer for breach of his employee agreement, reimbursement of back pay, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and reformation of the employee agreement. On August 25, 2005, the former employer ("Brighton") filed a counterclaim alleging that plaintiff went to work for a competitor, STI, and misappropriated a business opportunity with a prospective Brighton client (LifeScan Scotland, Ltd.). The counterclaim alleged: (1) breach of the non-compete provision of the employee agreement, (2) breach of the confidentiality provision, (3) tortious interference with prospective economic advantage, (4) violation of the Illinois Trade Secrets Act, and (5) breach of duty.

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TRO Requires Defendants to Return Proprietary Materials and Computers to Former Employer, and Provide Affidavit Affirming Compliance and/or Detailing Any Disposal of Items

Cardinal Health 414, Inc. v. Rogers, 2006 WL 1207962 (E.D. La. May 3, 2006)

The court's order enjoined the defendants and their employees or agents from soliciting any current employee of the plaintiff for employment. It also required the defendants to return to the plaintiff, through counsel, "any tangible property (including all copies, recordings and other reproductions), if any at all, in either of their possession owned or provided by Cardinal, which tangible property was not returned to Cardinal at the conclusion of their employment with Cardinal." The property to be returned included:

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Lacking Adequate Information About Defendant's IS Capabilities and Costs of Electronic Production, Court Orders Parties to Confer and Report Back

Thompson v. Jiffy Lube Int'l, Inc., 2006 WL 1174040 (D. Kan. May 1, 2006)

In this (uncertified) consumer class action, the court considered plaintiffs' motion to compel the production of documents. Defendant contended that plaintiffs' production requests exceeded the scope of class certification discovery, and were vague, overly broad and unduly burdensome. For example, defendant asserted that approximately 31 million vehicles were serviced annually at company-owned and franchised Jiffy Lube stores, and that plaintiffs' request for all vehicle service records going back to January 1, 1997 was unduly burdensome and overly broad. Plaintiffs responded that defendant failed to carry its burden of showing "undue burden" and that the requested documents could be produced in electronic format at a minimal cost.

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Crime-Fraud Exception to Attorney-Client Privilege Invoked to Allow Testimony and Production of Notes by Attorney, Where Executive's Deletion of Email Sought by Grand Jury Could Constitute Obstruction of Justice

In re Grand Jury Investigation, 445 F.3d 266 (3rd Cir. 2006)

This opinion relates to an ongoing grand jury investigation of suspected federal criminal activity; because of the secrecy of the proceeding, the court's opinion lacks specific details.

The grand jury began investigating the financial arrangements and business dealings of an individual (the "Primary Target"), whose business dealings were carried out by a particular organization (the "Organization"). The grand jury investigation led to inquiry of Jane Doe, the Executive Director of the Organization, who had, and has, intimate knowledge of and access to the papers and other material of both the Primary Target and the Organization. "It appears that Jane Doe is also a target of the grand jury investigation. If she was not at the outset, she certainly has become a target in light of the events with which we are concerned. The Organization, through its counsel ("Attorney"), has entered into a joint-defense agreement with Jane Doe and her counsel in response to the investigation."

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Defendant Ordered to Allow Informal Interview of Employee Familiar with Defendant's Efforts to Locate Missing Email Attachment

Fischer v. UPS, 2006 WL 1046973 (E.D. Mich. Apr. 19, 2006)

In this wrongful termination case, plaintiff had requested the production of certain salary information. Defendant had produced a responsive email that referenced an attachment, but the attachment was not produced. Defendant represented that it was unable to locate the attachment. Plaintiff was unwilling to simply accept defendant's claim that the attachment could not be located, and asked to depose someone familiar with defendant's retrieval efforts. Ruling on plaintiff's discovery motion, the magistrate struck a compromise, and ordered defendant's counsel to arrange an informal telephone conference with an employee of defendant who was familiar with defendant's efforts to locate the attachment.

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State Appellate Court Upholds $75,000 Sanctions Award Based on Party's Failure to Properly Preserve and Timely Produce Expert's Underlying Computer Data

Vela v. Wagner & Brown, Ltd., 203 S.W.3d 37 (Tex. App. 2006)

In this oil and gas drainage case, Roberto Vela, and the other royalty interest owners and intervenors (collectively, the "Royalty Owners"), appealed from the trial court's take-nothing judgment. On cross-appeal, Wagner & Brown challenged the trial court's pre-trial order assessing $75,000 in sanctions against it. The appellate court affirmed the order imposing sanctions and the judgment of the trial court.

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Court Denies Former Detective's Request to Inspect Orlando Police Department's Computer Hard Drives

Floeter v. City of Orlando, 2006 WL 1000306 (M.D. Fla. Apr. 14, 2006)

In this case, plaintiff alleged that he was the victim of sexual harassment, a hostile work environment, and retaliation while working as a detective with the Orlando Police Department (OPD). He served a request for production of documents and a request to inspect computer hard drives at OPD, which he styled as a request for entry upon land. When OPD objected to some of the requests, plaintiff filed a motion to compel.

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Court Warns Plaintiff that Further Noncompliance with Discovery Orders Could Result in Terminating Sanctions, and Orders Plaintiff to Produce Emails with Attachments Physically Attached

Miller v. IBM, 2006 WL 995160 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 14, 2006)

In this case involving breach of contract and fraud claims, IBM moved to preclude plaintiff Ralph Miller from offering evidence on any of the matters for which he had failed to comply with the court's previous discovery orders. The court granted in part and denied in part IBM's motion for sanctions, and warned that further noncompliance could result in terminating sanctions. Several of the matters on which the court granted relief related to electronic discovery.

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Ordering Defendants to Re-Do Confidentiality Designations, Court Reserved Judgment on Whether Defendants Should Be Sanctioned for "Meat Ax" Approach

Flynn v. Oakland County, 2006 WL 950282 (E.D. Mich. Apr. 12, 2006)

In this civil rights case, plaintiffs moved to compel the production of "declassified" discovery. The parties had stipulated to a protective order regarding discovery, issued by the court on January 6, 2006, mandating that certain documents produced during discovery would be kept confidential. The protective order defined "confidential material," and set out a procedure through which a party could challenge a document's "confidential" designation. The protective order stated that confidential material could be submitted to the court, but that it must be filed under seal. It also delineated a process to protect confidential material during depositions and file handling.

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Magistrate Orders Production Of Proprietary Database In A "Reasonably Usable Form"

Static Control Components, Inc. v. Lexmark Int'l, Inc., 2006 WL 897218 (E.D. Ky. Apr. 5, 2006)

In this patent and copyright infringement case, plaintiff requested the production of customer communications regarding defendant's purported "Prebate agreement" for a toner cartridge that was in issue. According to plaintiff, defendant had claimed that there were as many as 60,000 records on its "pre-sale customer inquiry database" that could be responsive to the request. In its motion to compel, plaintiff requested that defendant "back up" the database containing the requested documents and produce the database to plaintiff, with plaintiff to bear the burden of extracting any data so as to eliminate any undue burden on defendant.

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Texas Appellate Court Denies Petition for Writ of Mandamus Seeking to Vacate Order Requiring Defendant to Produce "All E-Data Derived from Backup Tapes and Maintained on Computer Hard Drives"

In re BP Prods., N. Am., Inc., 2006 WL 648816 (Tex. Ct. App. Mar. 13, 2006)

In this opinion, a Texas appellate court denied the petition for a writ of mandamus filed by BP Products North America, Inc., which complained that the trial judge abused her discretion by compelling BP to produce, by March 17, 2006, "all e-data derived from backup tapes and maintained on computer hard drives under BP's control" that were responsive to the plaintiffs' steering committee's request, as identified in the court's February 6, 2006 order and in the manner specified in the order. The appellate court had previously denied BP's request for emergency relief requesting a stay of the February 6, 2006 order.

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Trial Court Did Not Err In Denying Plaintiff's Request For Second Search Of Mirror Images As Unreasonable "Fishing Expedition"

Liturgical Publ'ns, Inc. v. Karides, 2006 WL 931892 (Wis. Ct. App. Apr. 12, 2006) (Unpublished)

In this case, plaintiff asserted claims for employee disloyalty, misappropriation of trade secrets and computer theft against two former employees and their competing company. The trial court dismissed several claims on summary judgment, including the computer theft claim. After a jury trial on the remaining claims resulted in a defense verdict, plaintiff appealed. In conjunction with arguing that the trial court erred in dismissing its claim for computer theft, plaintiff argued that the trial court erroneously exercised its discretion by denying its motion to compel additional discovery on the issue.

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Court Orders Preservation of Evidence, Enjoining Former Employees From Wiping Clean Any Computer Hard Drive Containing Relevant Evidence

ACS Consultant Co., Inc. v. Williams, 2006 WL 897559 (E.D. Mich. Apr. 6, 2006)

In this case, plaintiff was in the business of providing information technology and management consultant services, principally to health care providers. Defendants were former employees and a company in which one of the former employees was a principal. After discovering evidence that the individual defendants had violated the terms of their employment contracts, plaintiff terminated them and filed an 11 count verified complaint seeking injunctive and other relief. Plaintiff obtained a TRO enjoining the defendants from violating the terms of their employment agreements, and also sought a preliminary injunction. Following a hearing during which the court took evidence regarding the alleged wrongful acts by defendants, the court granted a preliminary injunction enjoining defendants, among other things:

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Magistrate Orders Production of Metadata and Electronic Documents

Rodriguez v. City of Fresno, 2006 WL 903675 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 7, 2006)

In this civil rights action stemming from plaintiffs' arrest, the court granted in part and denied in part plaintiffs' motion to compel production of documents and responses to interrogatories. Among other things, plaintiffs sought the production of electronic documents relating to the arrest and detention of plaintiffs. With little discussion of particulars (including what constituted "Exhibit K" referenced below), the court ruled as follows:

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Finding Terminating Sanctions Against Defendant "A Close Call," Court Imposes Negative Inferences for Bad Faith Spoliation of Damaging Email, Awards Attorneys' Fees and Costs, and Issues Stern Warning

Adams v. Gateway, Inc., No. 2:02-CV-106 TS (D. Utah Mar. 6, 2006) (memorandum decision and order on de novo review of magistrate judge's reports and recommendations and imposing sanctions)

In this patent case, the U.S. District Court judge adopted two (sealed) Reports and Recommendations prepared by the magistrate judge which found that the defendant had spoliated and failed to disclose evidence, and recommended the imposition of sanctions. Issued under seal on March 6, 2006, the court's decision adopting the magistrate's recommendations was unsealed on March 22, 2006.

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During Initial Case Management Conferences, Magistrate Orders Mirror Imaging of All of Defendants' Computers and Peripheral Equipment at Plaintiffs' Expense, and Orders Parties to Meet and Confer on Appropriate Search Protocol

Balboa Threadworks, Inc. v. Stucky, 2006 WL 763668 (D. Kan. Mar. 24, 2006)

Plaintiffs sued under the Copyright Act and the Lanham Act, claiming that defendants wrongfully copied digital embroidery designs and then sold the designs to at least one third party. Defendants filed a counterclaim and third party complaint alleging fraud and civil conspiracy.

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Court Orders Non-Party to Produce Documents Derived From DOJ Document Database Using Particular Search Terms, and to Produce Entire Electronic Document Database from FTC Investigation

Tessera, Inc. v. Micron Tech., Inc., 2006 WL 733498 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 22, 2006)

The plaintiff in this case licenses its semiconductor packaging technology directly to semiconductor manufacturers; typically, licensing agreements require the semiconductor manufacturers to pay plaintiff royalties on the volume of synchcronous RDRAM chips sold which uses its semiconductor packaging technology. Plaintiff's complaint alleged patent infringement, antitrust violations and various state law claims against various semiconductor manufacturers. Plaintiff alleged that defendants unlawfully colluded with others to boycott the synchronous RDRAM chip to reduce demand for them and artificially inflate the price of pre-existing and inferior DRAM chips for their own financial gain. Plaintiff alleged that defendants' actions deprived the company of significant royalties.

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Magistrate Finds No Further Response Necessary to Plaintiff's Request for Production of Financial Database, and Denies as Premature Plaintiff's Request for Direct Access to Database

Bob Barker Co. v. Ferguson Safety Prods., Inc., 2006 WL 648674 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 9, 2006)

In this action for Lanham Act violations and related claims, the plaintiff moved to compel defendants to produce further documents in response to requests seeking various financial information. The defendants contended that the requests were overbroad and that, as a small business operation, they did not maintain many of the kinds of records sought.

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Magistrate Sustains Plaintiff's Objections to TIFF Imaged Documents and Orders Production in Native Format

Hagenbuch v. 3B6 Sistemi Elettronici Industriali S.R.L., 2006 WL 665005 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 8, 2006)

In this patent infringement case, the defendant required plaintiff to come to its Rockford, Illinois offices in order to inspect defendant's documents and things and to designate those documents and things that plaintiff deemed responsive to his request for production. Plaintiff inspected defendant's Rockford, Illinois office and designated numerous documents and electronic media consisting of compact discs, floppy discs, and/or DVDs, for copying by the copying service arranged for by defendant. Initially, defendant refused to permit copying of the designated electronic media, offering instead to print out and deliver to plaintiff hard copies of all of the documents contained on the designated discs and DVDs. Plaintiff refused this offer and insisted on receiving identical, electronic copies of the electronic media. Ultimately, defendant decided (against the protests of plaintiff) to convert all of the information on the original electronic media into Tagged Image File Format ("TIFF") documents that were then downloaded onto compact discs and delivered to plaintiff. According to plaintiff, the compact discs produced by the defendant contained approximately 15,000 TIFF documents.

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Magistrate Orders Production of Tabulation Containing Mathematical Information Regarding Payroll and Timekeeping Data Despite Work Product Claim

Ayers v. SGS Control Servs., 2006 WL 618786 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 9, 2006)

Plaintiffs sued under the Fair Labor Standards Act ("FLSA"), alleging that defendants, through their payroll practices, failed to compensate their employees for overtime work. Plaintiffs requested that defendants be ordered to produce a tabulation containing mathematical information regarding payroll and timekeeping data. Defendants claimed that the tabulation was protected by the work product privilege.

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Defendant Ordered to Produce Documents in Native File Format and with Original Metadata

Nova Measuring Instruments Ltd. v. Nanometrics, Inc., 417 F. Supp. 2d 1121 (N.D. Cal. 2006)

Nova Measuring Instruments Ltd. ("Nova") filed a motion to compel production of documents pursuant to Patent L.R. 3-4 in this patent infringement matter adverse Nanometrics, Inc. ("Nano"). There was disagreement as to whether Nano was required to produce documents in native format with original metadata, and whether the documents produced are sufficient to show the operation of each aspect or element of the claims identified in Nova's Patent L.R. 3-1(c) chart.

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After-Acquired Evidence that Employee Misused Laptop in Violation of Company Policy and Erased Data Survives Summary Judgment

Olson v. Int'l Bus. Mach.s, 2006 WL 503291 (D.Minn. Mar. 1, 2006)

John Olson ("Olson") sued International Business Machines ("IBM") in connection with his termination of employment. Claims included employment discrimination in violation of the Minnesota Human Rights Act, violation of the Family Medical Leave Act of 1993, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Health care providers found that Olson suffered from mental health problems and had thoughts of harming his immediate supervisor, Shelley Green. On June 18, 2004, Olson was dismissed following an investigation by IBM's violence assessment team.

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Production of Computer Printouts in Response to Interrogatories and Production Requests Not Deemed Unauthorized Data Dump

Jackson v. City of San Antonio, 2006 WL 487862 (W.D.Tex. Jan 31, 2006)

In this case, which involves claims of entitlement to FLSA overtime wages, plaintiffs filed a motion to compel pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(a). Plaintiffs alleged, in part, that defendants' production of computerized pay and time records in response to interrogatories and production requests constituted an "unauthorized 'data dump.'" Plaintiffs also claimed that the records are "unhelpful, unusable, and nonresponsive" because field descriptors are missing.

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Court Grants Preliminary Injunction Requiring Plaintiff to Return Laptop, Computer Files and Email to Former Employer After Forensic Firm Removes Plaintiff's Privileged Documents at Her Expense

Henry v. IAC/Interactive Group, 2006 WL 354971 (W.D. Wash. Feb. 14, 2006)

In this employment discrimination/trade secrets case, defendants obtained a preliminary injunction that granted the following injunctive relief:

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Magistrate Denies Stay of Order Compelling Forensic Review of Non-Party's Computer Systems

Electrolux Home Products, Inc. v. Whitesell Corp., 2006 WL 355453 (S.D. Ohio Feb. 15, 2006)

In this case, third parties that had been subpoenaed by the defendant ('respondents") moved to stay enforcement of the magistrate judge's Decision and Order Enforcing Subpoenas (referred to as the "Confirmation Decision"), and petitioned for a Certificate of Interlocutory Appeal. The Chief Magistrate Judge wrote the opinion.

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Email Exchanges Between Counsel Did Not Satisfy "Meet and Confer" Requirement in Case Management Order

Liebel-Flarsheim Co. v. Medrad Inc., 2006 WL 335846 (S.D. Ohio Feb. 14, 2006)

In this patent infringement case, the court had issued a Case Management Order that set scheduling deadlines and required the parties to confer and cooperate on certain tasks necessary to the orderly conduct of the litigation. Discovery became very contentious, and the court issued an order to show cause requesting the parties to explain why the parties and/or their counsel should not be sanctioned for failing to comply with the Case Management Order. Although the court decided it could not hold either party in contempt, it advised that the parties' exchange of emails and written correspondence did not satisfy the CMO's meet and confer requirement: "The Court's understanding of the phrase "meet and confer" is a conference in which opposing parties actually talk to one another."

Magistrate Expresses Concern Regarding Production of CDs Containing Scanned Documents, But Denies Motion to Compel as Untimely

Bergersen v. Shelter Mut. Ins. Co., 2006 WL 334675 (D. Kan. Feb. 14, 2006)

In this wrongful termination case, defendants produced three CDs containing a total of 7,253 documents which, according to plaintiff, were not "kept in any perceivable sequential order." Plaintiff argued that the production did not comply with Rule 34(b), which requires a party to produce documents "as they are kept in the usual course of business or . . . organize and label them to correspond with the categories in the request." Despite the fact that defendants had the documents scanned onto computer disc, they contended that they were produced as they were kept in the usual course of business. They argued that they produced all responsive documents and were under no obligation to specifically identify any such documents or to provide a directory of documents produced.

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Federal Court Enjoins Attorney General from Enforcing Against Adult Entertainment Industry Producers Certain Recordkeeping Requirements Related to Live Internet Chat Rooms and Third Party Websites

Free Speech Coalition v. Gonzales, 406 F.Supp.2d 1196 (D. Colo. 2005)

In this case, plaintiffs were all involved, in various capacities, in the adult entertainment industry. Plaintiffs sought a preliminary injunction to protect themselves from any enforcement action pending the litigation. Among other things, plaintiffs challenged new recordkeeping requirements under the Child Protection and Obscenity Enforcement Act and associated regulations. Ultimately, the court found that plaintiffs had demonstrated a substantial likelihood of success in demonstrating that the amended portions of the statute and regulations created an undue burden as they related to chat rooms and to websites not controlled by the producer. The court therefore enjoined the Attorney General, pending the outcome of these proceedings or further order, from enforcing 28 C.F.R. § 75.2(a)(1)(i) against any of the plaintiffs in their operation of an Internet chat room and from enforcing 28 C.F.R. § 75.2(a)(1)(ii) against any of the plaintiffs or members of FSC with regards to a website that is not controlled by that plaintiff or member of the Free Speech Coalition.

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Court Declines In Camera Review and Orders Defendants to Revise Privilege Log Entries so that Court and Plaintiff Could "Test the Merits" within the Four Corners of the Privilege Log Itself

United Investors Life Ins. Co. v. Nationwide Life Ins. Co., 233 F.R.D. 483 (N.D. Miss. 2006)

In this decision, the court discussed the plaintiff's motion for in camera review of documents inadvertently produced by the defendants, the general requirements of privilege logs, the elements of various privileges and protections, and the factors to be considered in determining whether inadvertent production of privileged material effects a waiver.

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After Bench Trial, Court Concludes That Rambus' Adoption and Implementation of Document Retention Policy Was a "Permissible Business Decision" and "Shred Days" Did Not Constitute Unlawful Spoliation

Hynix Semiconductor Inc. v. Rambus, Inc., 591 F. Supp. 2d 1038 (N.D. Cal. 2006)

In this opinion, the court issued its findings of fact and conclusions of law on Hynix's unclean hands defense to Rambus' patent infringement claims. The essential issues of the trial were: (1) whether Rambus adopted a document retention plan in order to destroy documents in advance of a planned litigation campaign against DRAM manufacturers, and (2) whether in light of any such conduct, the court should dismiss Rambus' patent claims against Hynix as a sanction for unclean hands.

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Magistrate Awards Attorneys' Fees and Threatens Adverse Inference Jury Instruction to Force Defendants' Compliance with Outstanding Production Requests and Discovery Orders

McDowell v. Gov't of Dist. of Columbia, 233 F.R.D. 192 (D.D.C. 2006)

As a result of the difficulties faced by plaintiff in trying to obtain discovery in this case, plaintiff sought an order granting summary judgment against the District as to the "practice of allowing in the field strip searches or searches that involve viewing or touching inside the clothes searches." Plaintiff also sought costs and attorneys' fees incurred as a result of defendants' failure to produce the requested discovery materials, which included a spreadsheet and certain arrest forms referred to as "PD 163s."

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Magistrate Declines to Enter Preservation Order, Orders Defendants to Answer Document Retention Questionnaire, and Orders Production of Electronic Documents in Native Format

Treppel v. Biovail Corp., 2006 WL 278170 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 6, 2006)

In this case, plaintiff alleged that Biovail Corp., its general counsel and certain others engaged in a "smear campaign" that destroyed plaintiff's career as a securities analyst. He asserted claims of defamation, tortious interference with prospective economic advantage and civil conspiracy. Plaintiff moved for an order compelling defendants to: (a) preserve all potentially discoverable data, whether maintained in electronic or paper form; (b) answer a range of questions concerning their electronic data management practices; and (c) produce all accessible data and documents responsive to his First Request for Production of Documents. Magistrate Judge James C. Francis denied the motion as to the preservation order, but granted the other relief requested.

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Magistrate Imposes Discovery Sanctions of $102,079 Against Law Firm for Interference with Third Party Deposition; Recounts Electronic Discovery Disputes

E & J Gallo Winery v. Encana Energy Servs., Inc., 2005 WL 3709885 (E.D. Cal. July 5, 2005)

In this action alleging natural gas price fixing, plaintiff sought severe sanctions against certain defendants and their counsel for taking actions which plaintiff claimed resulted in the cancellation of a third-party witness deposition set by plaintiff. The magistrate ultimately rejected the heavy sanctions requested by Gallo, finding that a further monetary sanction against the defendants' law firm was in order. It imposed a $102,078.97 sanction against Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, with $92,078.97 to be paid to Gallo to defray its fees and expenses to pursue the sanctions motion, and $10,000 to be paid to the court.

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Court Orders Production of Payroll and Timekeeping Records in Electronic Form, Rejecting Hard Copy Production

Gilliam v. Addicts Rehab. Ctr. Fund, Inc., 2006 WL 228874 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 26, 2006)

In this class action alleging violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act, defendants identified 148 compact discs containing information responsive to plaintiffs' requests for certain records. The discs contained payroll and timekeeping records for approximately 150 employees, and also contained personal information, including health, credit, and family information about those employees.

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Court Requires Emails Within "Email Strand" to be Listed Separately on Privilege Log

In re Universal Serv. Fund Tel. Billing Practices Litig., 232 F.R.D. 669 (D. Kan. 2005)

In this multidistrict litigation consisting of numerous putative class actions against AT&T Corporation and Sprint Communications Company, plaintiffs moved to compel AT&T to produce documents that had been withheld on a claim of attorney/client privilege. The motion was referred to a magistrate judge, who ordered AT&T to produce copies of the 35 documents at issue for an in camera review, and provide more information with regard to those persons sending and receiving, including receipt of courtesy copies, the emails listed on the privilege log.

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Court Denies Request for In Camera Review of Email to Evaluate Relevance

Rozell v. Ross-Holst, 2006 WL 163143 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 20, 2006)

Plaintiff asserted claims of sexual harassment, retaliation, violation of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, and computer trespassing against her former employer and supervisor. Among other things, plaintiff alleged that her supervisor "hacked" into her electronic mail account and forwarded to himself approximately 400 of her emails.

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Florida Court Affirms $75,000 Coercive Civil Contempt Sanction Against Defendants For Prolonged Discovery Abuse

Channel Components, Inc. v. Am. II Electronics, Inc., 915 So. 2d 1278 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2005)

In this case alleging tortious interference and related claims against two former employees, the plaintiff sought intervention by the court several times in order to secure defendants' compliance with their discovery obligations. Plaintiff filed successive motions for contempt and sanctions alleging that defendants had not complied with the discovery requests or the orders of the court compelling discovery.

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Plaintiff's Failure to Produce Electronic Records Did Not Warrant Ultimate Sanction of Dismissal

Martin v. Northwestern Mut. Life Ins. Co., 2006 WL 148991 (M.D. Fla. Jan. 19, 2006)

Plaintiff, a trial lawyer, sued his insurer for disability benefits. The insurer propounded discovery about income the plaintiff may have generated while disabled, including income derived from practicing law. Suspecting that additional documents existed which had not been produced, defense counsel met and conferred on the subject, and filed several motions to compel a more complete production. For each motion, plaintiff essentially maintained he had complied with his discovery obligations. Undeterred, the defendant subpoenaed plaintiff's bookkeeper and his fiance, each of whom produced documents that had not been produced by plaintiff. Included within these items were travel expenses and proof of income derived from practicing law. All of the documents were electronically stored in the computers of plaintiff's bookkeeper and his fiance.

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Production of 1,771 Pages of Database Printouts Was Insufficient Response to Interrogatories; Party Ordered to Produce a More Usable Form of Data or Answer Interrogatories Directly

Powerhouse Marks, L.L.C. v. Chi Hsin Impex, Inc., 2006 WL 83477 (E.D. Mich. Jan. 12, 2006)

In this trademark infringement case, plaintiffs sought from defendant Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. information relating to its purchases and sales of certain exercise equipment (Interrogatories 1 and 2). In response, Wal-Mart asserted general objections and referred plaintiffs to 1771 pages of Bates stamped documents which it contended sufficiently responded to the interrogatories. Claiming that the database printouts were indecipherable and did not adequately answer their interrogatories, plaintiffs moved to compel.

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Court Orders Forensic Inspection of Personal Computer in Trade Secrets Case

AutoNation, Inc. v. Hatfield, 2006 WL 60547 (Fla. Cir. Ct. Jan. 4, 2006)

In connection with its order granting temporary injunctive relief based upon the defendant's alleged theft of trade secrets, the court ordered the forensic inspection of a personal computer:

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Magistrate Quashes Subpoenas to Plaintiff's Personal Email Providers

Quinby v. WestLB AG, 2006 WL 59521 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 11, 2006)

In its second opinion addressing e-discovery issues (the first is summarized here), the court quashed subpoenas issued by the defendant to the providers of plaintiff's personal email accounts. The subpoenas sought all e-mails sent to or received by plaintiff's personal e-mail account during the period from October 2002 throughout July 2004, other than e-mails between plaintiff and her current and former counsel.

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Magistrate Recommends Adverse Inference Instruction as Sanction for Defendant's Negligent Failure to Institute Litigation Hold

DaimlerChrysler Motors v. Bill Davis Racing, Inc., 2005 WL 3502172 (E.D. Mich. Dec. 22, 2005)

Plaintiff sought sanctions for defendant's failure to preserve evidence, and the matter was referred to a magistrate for hearing and determination. Defendant asserted that email messages were lost by reason of a preexisting feature of its computer system. Defendant explained that its computer system was set up to delete both internal and external email messages automatically, unless affirmative efforts were taken to preserve them. It further showed that such messages, once deleted, were not subject to retrieval by the defendant or by its computer support company.

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Sanctions Not Warranted For Negligent Failure to Preserve Surveillance Video

Hamilton v. Signature Flight Support Corp., 2005 WL 3481423 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 20, 2005)

In this employment discrimination case, the court decided that sanctions were not warranted for the defendant's failure to preserve a surveillance video that captured an altercation between one of the plaintiffs and a customer. Although defendant preserved and produced what it claimed to be the only video of the incident, there was a gap in the middle of the tape, and the recording ended prematurely, as the incident appears to continue and the recording abruptly ends.

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Motion for Exclusion of Evidence or Adverse Inference Denied as Untimely and Because Defendant Produced All Responsive Documents

Wood v. Sempra Energy Trading Corp., 2005 WL 3465845 (D. Conn. Dec. 9, 2005)

In this wrongful termination case, the court denied plaintiff's motion to preclude certain evidence or for the granting of an adverse inference against defendant. The court concluded that the timing of plaintiff's motion, alone, provided sufficient reason to deny it. Discovery had closed in May 2004, and the court noted that plaintiff had not previously complained of any deficiencies in the defendant's responses to discovery. It stated: "While a motion for an adverse inference can be filed just in advance of the trial itself, it should be preceded by efforts to compel compliance with discovery requests, and even motions for contempt." The court noted that, while there had been motions to compel, "no follow-up motions" were filed by plaintiff.

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Sanctions Against Defendant and Its Counsel Not Warranted In Contentious Discovery Dispute Involving Production of Email Stored on Backup Tapes

Quinby v. WestLB AG, 2005 WL 3453908 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 15, 2005)

In this gender discrimination suit, plaintiff sought sanctions against defendant and its counsel for their conduct in connection with the production of email stored on backup tapes. Earlier, the parties had sought the court's intervention to resolve the scope of electronic discovery. At that time, the court ordered defendant to provide an affidavit addressing the technical issues raised by plaintiff's discovery requests for emails and other electronic communications. Specifically, the court had directed the parties' attention to Zubulake v. UBS Warburg LLC, 217 F.R.D. 309 (S.D.N.Y. 2003), and further directed that the affidavits address the devices used by defendant to store the data and the seven cost-shifting factors identified in the opinion. The court had further ordered defendant to produce for deposition a witness who could discuss the relevant e-discovery issues, and to restore, as a sample, the backup tape or tapes that contained emails from a particular time frame into a readable, searchable format.

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Court Sets Out Detailed "Directives" for Production of Electronically Stored Information

In re Priceline.com Inc. Sec. Litig., 233 F.R.D. 88 (D. Conn. 2005)

In this securities class action, plaintiffs brought a motion to compel the production of electronically stored information. Although the defendants did not object to producing responsive information, there was substantial disagreement between the parties regarding how responsive information should be produced. The court's decision sets out detailed e-discovery "directives" for the parties to follow. In one of the directives, the court rejects plaintiffs' request that material be produced in native format, and orders defendants to produce responsive information contained in stored data files to plaintiffs in TIFF or PDF form with Bates numbering and appropriate confidentiality designations, and to produce searchable metadata databases, and also to maintain the original data itself in native format for the duration of the litigation. The court also states that "[c]ost-shifting shall be applied for in the method set forth in the proposed revisions to Rule 26(b)(2) and the Committee Note attendant thereto."

Insufficient Precautions Against Inadvertent Disclosure and Inordinate Delay in Seeking Judicial Intervention Waived Any Privilege Otherwise Applicable to Emails

de Espana v. Am. Bureau of Shipping, 2005 WL 3455782 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 14, 2005)

In this case arising out of the casualty and sinking of a vessel at sea, the defendant ("ABS") inadvertently produced email communications allegedly protected by the attorney client privilege.

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Party's Speculation That More Emails Exist Does Not Entitle Her to More

Washington v. Thurgood Marshall Academy, 232 F.R.D. 6 (D.D.C. 2005)

In this wrongful discharge case, plaintiff moved to compel the defendant to produce additional emails between defendant and plaintiff and others concerning plaintiff's claims. In support of her argument that the defendant's responses were deficient, she stated that she and other employees of defendant "'e-mailed each other constantly,'" that she had produced over 15 such emails in discovery, and that defendant had produced only five such emails. Plaintiff's argument was essentially that there "must be" more emails. Magistrate Judge Facciola denied the motion, concluding: "[P]laintiff's speculation that more e-mails exist does not entitle her to more and, therefore, the court will not compel defendant to produce more emails." 232 F.R.D. at 11.

Loss of Audiotapes Did Not Warrant Exclusion of All Evidence Regarding Taped Conversations

Crigger v. Fahnestock & Co., Inc., 2005 WL 783355 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 6, 2005)

Plaintiffs sought an in limine order precluding the submission of any evidence concerning the loss of audiotapes of conversations that had been mailed to plaintiffs' counsel but subsequently lost. One of the plaintiffs had made notes of the conversations, which were produced. The court ruled that, since it had no idea what kind of evidence defendants would present concerning the loss of the tapes, it would make evidentiary determinations as objections arose. The court denied the defendants' related motion in limine which sought to prevent plaintiffs from introducing any evidence whatsoever regarding the tape recordings, including the plaintiff's notes and all testimony pertaining to the tapes. The court ruled that, absent bad faith in the destruction or loss of the audiotapes, the plaintiff could testify as to his best recollection of the conversations. The court further ruled that the plaintiff's notes could be provided in order to refresh his recollection, but that the notes themselves would not be admissible.

Consistent Refusal to Produce Materials Deemed Sufficiently Culpable to Warrant Adverse Inference Instruction

Lyondell-Citgo Refining, LP v. Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A., 2005 WL 1026461 (S.D.N.Y. May 2, 2005)

In the course of hearing the parties' discovery disputes, the magistrate judge ordered defendant to "'make all Board minutes and related Board documents available in hard copy, and electronic database, for review by plaintiff's counsel.'" Defendant subsequently informed the magistrate that it would be unable to comply with the order on the grounds that Venezuelan law prohibited it from granting access to the materials. In response, the magistrate ordered an adverse inference, finding that the material was relevant and that defendant's refusal to allow access to the material was sufficiently culpable. The magistrate noted that defendant continued to argue that the material was irrelevant, despite the prior rulings establishing relevancy, and that there was no proof that the Ministry was properly informed of the court's rulings on the subject. Citing Residential Funding Corp. v. DeGeorge Fin. Corp., 306 F.3d 99 (2nd Cir. 2002), the district court affirmed the magistrate's order. The court observed that the defendant had consistently refused to produce the Board materials despite repeated orders to do so, and that the adverse inference "restore[d] the evidentiary balance."

Without Some Evidence That Missing Documents Would Have Been Favorable to Case, Sanctions Not Appropriate

Hamre v. Mizra, 2005 WL 1083978 (S.D.N.Y. May 9, 2005)

In this medical malpractice case, defendants failed to maintain certain documents in the plaintiff's chart, including a vital signs flow chart memorializing, inter alia, the plaintiff's temperature over several days. Plaintiff moved for sanctions, seeking an order striking defendants' answer or precluding defendants from offering testimony on the issue of liability. The magistrate denied the motion, finding that no showing of willful destruction or bad faith had been made, so the extreme sanction requested by plaintiff was not appropriate. The magistrate also concluded that the lesser sanction of an adverse inference instruction was inappropriate. The district court judge upheld the magistrate's order, citing Zubulake v. UBS Warburg LLC, 2003 WL 22410619 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 22, 2003) and Residential Funding Corp. v. DeGeorge Fin. Corp., 306 F.3d 99 (2nd Cir. 2002). The court observed that, in order for the sanction of an adverse inference to be imposed, the moving party must present some evidence corroborating its assumption that the missing evidence would have been favorable to its case. Since the plaintiff had failed to put forth any evidence regarding the contents of the destroyed evidence, an adverse inference instruction was not warranted.

Discrepancies in Data Did Not Warrant Additional Discovery, or Sanctions

White v. Lenox Hill Hosp., 2005 WL 1081443 (S.D.N.Y. May 10, 2005)

The district court affirmed a magistrate's order denying plaintiff's application for additional discovery concerning discrepancies between patient data on defendant's "Invision" computer system, and the "Mediware" system maintained by an independent contractor for the defendant. Plaintiff contended that there were approximately 1,500 Mediware files that did not have corresponding Invision files. However, plaintiff failed to show that the missing files were necessary for her expert's study to be statistically meaningful, or that the discrepancies resulted from a deliberate effort to skew the data. Further, the defendant had presented testimony explaining that there was no guarantee that the patient data on the two systems would be "totally 'in synch'" because the data on the Mediware system was entered manually. The court also rejected plaintiff's request for sanctions based on defendant's failure to produce the missing Invision files, finding the request to be untimely and unsupported by any evidence that defendant had destroyed any computer files with a culpable state of mind.

Spoliation Inference Resulting in Summary Judgment Denied

Paramount Pictures Corp. v. Davis, 234 F.R.D. 102 (E.D. Pa. 2005)

Paramount Pictures Corporation ("Paramount") identified John Davis ("Davis"), a computer consultant, as having violated its exclusive rights to reproduce and distribute the motion picture "Lemony Snicket's: A Series of Unfortunate Events." Davis had allegedly obtained an illegal copy of the film and distributed it over the Internet via the eDonkey peer-to-peer distribution system.

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Terminating Sanction Striking Defendants' Answer for Discovery Abuse Was Proper, But Compensatory and Punitive Damages Award Totaling $24 Million Vacated and Remanded

Elec. Funds Solutions v. Murphy, 36 Cal. Rptr. 3d 663 (Cal. Ct. App. 2005)

In this lawsuit between former business partners, plaintiffs alleged claims for breach of fiduciary duty, intentional interference with economic relations, unfair competition, and related torts. Plaintiffs sought compensatory damages "in an amount in excess of $50,000 and according to proof," as well as punitive damages.

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Defendant Sanctioned for Negligent Failure to Institute and Communicate Legal Hold

In re Old Banc One Shareholders Sec. Litig., 2005 WL 3372783 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 8, 2005)

In this opinion, the District Court adopted in full the Magistrate's Report and Recommendation regarding plaintiffs' motion for sanctions based upon the defendant's failure to preserve relevant documents.

The court explained that, in securities cases, corporations have a duty to preserve documents pursuant to both the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and the Public Securities Litigation Reform Act. "However, the duty to preserve potentially discoverable information does not require a party to keep every scrap of paper. Instead, a party is required to keep relevant evidence over which it had control and reasonably knew or could foresee was material to the litigation." 2005 WL 3372783 at *3 (citations omitted).

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Bank of America Corporation Ordered to Provide Discovery on Behalf of Non-Party Wholly-Owned Subsidiaries

In re ATM Fee Antitrust Litig., 2005 WL 3299763 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 5, 2005)

In this class action, plaintiffs propounded requests for production of documents and a request for admissions to all named defendants, including Bank of America Corporation ("BAC"). Plaintiffs also served interrogatories and proposed FRCP Rule 30(b)(6) depositions substantially limited to document and electronic data storage and management issues.

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Court Denies Further Sanctions, Including Shifting of Burden of Proof Based on Coleman Decision

Jinks-Umstead v. England, 2005 WL 3312947 (D.D.C. Dec. 7, 2005)

In this matter, a previous decision from which was summarized here, Lavonne Jinks-Umstead alleged that the United States Navy discriminated against her based on her race when it failed to provide her with adequate staff assistance. A jury verdict was granted in favor of Defendant, but a new trial was ordered based on Defendant's pre-trial failure to produce Work in Progress ("WIP") reports and the erroneous admission into evidence of certain emails. The new trial is scheduled to begin on January 18, 2006. In this memorandum opinion, Judge Kessler addressed pending motions.

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Court Finds Failure of Counsel to Determine Existence of Backup Tapes an Unlikely Mistake that Cannot Be Countenanced

Housing Rights Ctr. v. Sterling, 2005 WL 3320739 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 2, 2005)

Plaintiffs sued Defendants alleging housing discrimination as evidenced by a preference for Korean residents. Defendants allegedly committed discovery violations in connection with the ensuing litigation by failing to instigate a litigation hold, destroying relevant documents, and failing to instruct agents to search for responsive materials. Judge Fischer granted Plaintiffs' motion for an adverse inference jury instruction and other relief.

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Court Does Not Find E-mail Envelope Bereft of Substance Subject to Preservation Duty

Holt v. Northwestern Mut. Life Ins. Co., 2005 WL 3262420 (W.D. Mich. Nov. 30, 2005)

Dr. Steven Holt ("Holt") purchased several disability insurance policies from Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company ("Northwestern") while working as an emergency room physician. He made a claim for payment, which was denied, and thus filed suit. In a motion to compel discovery and award sanctions, Holt asserted that Northwestern had committed discovery violations including the spoliation of email.

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Despite Evidence of Intentional and Negligent Concealment, Bankruptcy Court Dismisses Trustee's Spoliation of Evidence Counterclaims Because No Injury Was Shown

In re Tri-State Armored Services, Inc., 332 B.R. 690 (Bankr. D.N.J. 2005)

Insurance company brought adversary proceeding against Chapter 7 trustee, seeking either equitable rescission of employee dishonesty, crime, and disappearance insurance policies issued to debtor armored car company, or declaratory judgment that coverage did not exist under the policies. The trustee asserted several counterclaims against the insurer and served discovery requests that sought the production of all documents, including emails related to the insurance policies and the trustee's claims. The trustee thereafter filed a motion to compel and obtained an order directing the insurer to comply with the outstanding discovery requests. Still, the insurer produced no emails.

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Magistrate Judge Orders Parties to Develop a Reasonable Electronic Discovery Plan Addressing Pre-and Post-Production Privilege Review

Hopson v. Mayor of Baltimore, 232 F.R.D. 228 (D. Md. 2005)

In this putative class action alleging race discrimination, plaintiffs served voluminous discovery requests that clearly identified their interest in discovering electronically stored information. When defendants raised boilerplate and conclusory objections, plaintiffs responded with multiple written communications and ultimately filed a motion to compel. Although an expedited hearing was held, "months had passed from the commencement of discovery while the dispute festered."

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Citing "Unique Burden" of Restoring Email from Backup Tapes and "Special Weight" to be Accorded Non-Party's Status, Court Grants Motion to Quash Subpoena

United States v. Amerigroup Ill., Inc., 2005 WL 3111972 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 21, 2005)

In this qui tam suit filed under the False Claims Act and the Illinois Whistelblower Act, plaintiff alleged that defendants submitted false or fraudulent claims for payment by omitting certain information from quarterly statements submitted to the Illinois Department of Healthcare and Family Services ("HFS"). Defendants served a subpoena upon HFS seeking, among other things, email from certain employees. HFS moved to quash, and after several conferences with the court, defendants agreed to limit the request to the emails of two individuals currently employed by HFS and one former employee. Defendants also agreed that HFS could limit the search terms to be used in retrieving the desired emails to those set out by the defendants. Unhappy still, HFS maintained that the subpoena must be quashed under Rule 45(c)(3)(A)(iv) because the request was unduly burdensome and the emails were irrelevant and unlikely to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence.

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Court Requires Balancing of Need for Evidence with Burden of Discovery Order

Biomet, Inc. v. Fleury, 912 So.2d 706 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2005)

Norman and Karen Fleury filed a products liability and personal injury lawsuit alleging that Mr. Fleury's Biomet knee prosthesis failed prematurely. The trial court granted a broad discovery order requiring Biomet, Inc. to produce documents related to complaints about its products that contain molded or machined ultra high molecular weight polyethylene intended for insertion into humans. Defendants petitioned for a writ of certiorari to quash the order.

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Court Finds that Lucent and Its Attorneys Tried to "Hide the Ball" and Engaged in Sanctionable Conduct

Tantivy Communications, Inc. v. Lucent Techs. Inc., 2005 WL 2860976 (E.D. Tex. Nov. 1, 2005)

Tantivy Communications, Inc. ("Tantivy") filed a Motion to Exclude in this patent infringement matter, alleging that Lucent Technologies, Inc. ("Lucent") withheld documents and data, misrepresented the existence of documents and data, allowed the destruction of documents, and produced documents for the first time in an expert report.

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Network Access Agreement Evidences Control of Third Party Documents; Defendant Fined $500,000 for Willful Disregard of Discovery Orders

Kamatani v. Benq Corp., 2005 WL 2455825 (E.D. Tex. Oct. 4, 2005)

Yasuo Kamatani and LaserDynamics, Inc. sued Benq Corporation and Benq of America Corporation (collectively "Benq") for patent infringement in connection with optical disk drive recognition technology. Several discovery disputes developed, and sanctions were issued against Benq on two occasions. A show cause hearing was held in August, 2005 to address allegations of further discovery abuses related to the belated identification of new DVD products and the production of technical documents from third parties.

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Court Expands Ediscovery where Defendant's Sworn Statements that Documents Do Not Exist Appear Erroneous

Tilberg v. Next Mgmt. Co., 2005 WL 2759860 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 24, 2005)

According to an article in Fashiongates.com, Tasha Tilberg, a Canadian supermodel, sued Next Model Management Company ("Next") claiming that it had underreported her earnings and "swiped" $150,000. Natalie Tilberg (a/k/a Tasha Tilberg) ("Tilberg") and Next were to share the cost of having Tilberg's forensic specialist search Next's email servers in accordance with an order issued on July 26, 2005 by Magistrate Judge Ellis. Tilberg asserted that the expert was unable to access one of the email servers and found evidence that responsive documents exist despite statements from Next indicating otherwise. Tilberg then asked the Court to order further discovery despite the deadline having passed.

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Careless Inadvertent Disclosure of Vital Emails Results in Waiver of Attorney-Client Privilege

Atronic International GMBH v. SAI Semispecialists of America, Inc., 232 F.R.D. 160 (E.D.N.Y. 2005)

Atronic International ("Atronic") sued SAI Semispecialists of America ("SAI") in connection with a breach of contract. At the end of 2003, during initial Rule 26 disclosures, Atronic's production included two emails between an Atronic employee and international counsel. These emails were again produced on January 7, 2005 as exhibits to be used at deposition. Upon realizing that it had produced apparently privileged documents, Atronic sought an order requiring the return of the emails and barring defendant from using the information therein.

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Court Finds Failure to Preserve and Produce Material from Third Party Electronic Database Improper Grounds for Dismissal

Procter & Gamble Co. v. Haugen, 427 F.3d 727 (10th Cir. 2005)

In 1995, the Proctor & Gamble Company and the Procter & Gamble Distributing Company (collectively "P&G") sued Randy Haugen ("Haugen") (an Amway Corporation distributor) and others under the Lanham Act and Utah common law. P&G alleged that Haugen had associated P&G with the Church of Satan via a voice mail message distributed to other Amway distributors, causing P&G to lose business.

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Court Enforces Clawback Provision; Producing Party to Pay Expenses for Deletion of Inadvertently Produced Email from Database

Steadfast Ins. Co. v. Purdue Frederick Co., et al., 2005 WL 2433042 (Conn. Super. Ct. Sept. 7, 2005) (Unpublished)

In 2004, Purdue Frederick Co. ("Purdue") produced email in connection with this difficult and document intensive insurance coverage dispute. About nine months following this production, Steadfast Ins. Co. ("Steadfast") filed and served an affidavit opposing a motion for partial summary judgment which used this email in an exhibit. Purdue then gave notice that the email had been inadvertently produced and filed a motion seeking relief.

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General Motors Relies Upon Computer Search that Yields Incomplete Results; Court Orders $700,000 Fine, Strikes 3 Affirmative Defenses, and Restricts Challenge of Expert

Serra Chevrolet, Inc. v. General Motors Corp., No. CV-01-VEH-2682-S (N.D. Ala. May 20, 2005) (Order Granting Motion for Sanctions)

Serra Chevrolet, Inc. ("Serra") filed a complaint against General Motors Corp. ("GM") on October 23, 2001. Allegations in this case include claims that GM improperly awarded an additional dealership to Serra's chief competitor, Edwards Chevrolet, and unduly restricted Serra's allocation of vehicles.

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Order to Produce Electronic Spreadsheets as Kept in the Ordinary Course Requires Production with Metadata Intact; Spreadsheet Cells to Remain Unlocked

Williams v. Sprint/United Mgmt. Co., 230 F.R.D. 640 (D. Kan. 2005)

Shirley Williams sued Sprint/United Management Company in a collective action asserting that age was a determining factor in Defendant's decision to terminate employment in connection with a reduction-in-force ("RIF"). Regular discovery conferences were held with Magistrate Judge Waxse, who entered orders in this decision concerning Defendant's production of electronic spreadsheets.

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Access to Intranet Denied when Documents Provided in Searchable Form

Fenster Family Patient Holdings, Inc. v. Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc., 2005 WL 2304190 (D.Del. Sept. 20, 2005)

Fenster Family Patient Holdings, Inc. and others (collectively "Fenster") filed this lawsuit alleging infringement of various patents by Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc. and other Siemens entities (collectively "Siemens"). The patents were issued in connection with Digital Angiography and Digital Fluoroscopy ("DF") technology. The Court addressed a number of motions in this opinion, including a renewed motion for access to Siemens' Intranet.

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Court Quashes Order Compelling Production of Computers Absent Evidence of Spoliation

Menke v. Broward County Sch. Bd., 916 So. 2d 8 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2005)

David Menke ("Menke") is a high school teacher who was suspended for alleged misconduct. Allegations included claims that he had exchanged sexually-explicit emails with minor students and made derogatory comments about school personnel and operations with students. Menke requested a formal hearing, and in the proceedings the Broward County School Board (the "Board") sought inspection of Menke's home computers by its expert in the expert's laboratory. Menke objected, but the administrative law judge granted the Board's motion to compel production of the computers.

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Florida Supreme Court Justices Find Legal Duty to Maintain or Preserve Property Necessary for Spoliation

Martino, et al. v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 908 So.2d 342 (Fla. 2005)

Ronna Martino ("Martino") sued Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. ("Wal-Mart") alleging that she suffered injury in March 1997 when the shopping cart she was using collapsed. Plaintiff claims that the injury occurred when a cashier, who was ringing up goods for purchase, asked Martino to lift 40 pound bags of salt so that price codes could be scanned. Martino allegedly placed a bag on top of the cart, which collapsed causing injury to her arm.

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Magistrate Recommends Granting of Fees and Costs from Counsel for Vexatious Pursuit of Matter Despite Damning Email

Rousseau v. Echosphere Corp., 2005 WL 2176839 (W.D. Pa. Aug. 30, 2005)

Charles A. Lamberton ("Lamberton") represented Thomas R. Rousseau ("Rousseau") in an action alleging retaliatory termination by Echosphere Corporation ("Echosphere"). The termination was allegedly due to Rousseau's filing of a workers' compensation claim and his having requested a workplace accommodation. Plaintiff claimed that Echosphere's proffered reason for the termination, that Rousseau had knowingly falsified company documents by providing two different social security numbers, was merely a pretext for unlawful termination.

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Court Orders Production of Home Office Backup Tape Created in Connection with CFTC Receivership

Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Equity Financial Group, LLC, et al., 2005 WL 2205789 (D.N.J. Sept. 9, 2005)

In April 2004, the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission ("CFTC") filed an enforcement action against Equity Financial Group, LLC ("Equity") and others alleging fraud in connection with the solicitation of commodity pool participation interests in Shasta Capital Associates, LLC ("Shasta"). Tech Traders, Inc. ("Tech Traders"), which traded Shasta's funds, and Robert W. Shimer, counsel for Equity and Shasta, were charged with regulatory violations. Tech Traders allegedly traded Shasta funds in its own name and lost money for this hedge fund rather than making the "astonishing returns" claimed by Equity.

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Court Denies Request for Adverse Inference where Failure to Preserve Hard Drive Does Not Suggest Fraud or Fabrication

Liggett v. Rumsfeld, 2005 WL 2099782 (E.D.Va. Aug. 29, 2005)

William Liggett ("Liggett"), an information technology specialist working for the United States Department of Defense, Defense Logistics Agency ("DLA") sued Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld ("Rumsfeld") alleging discrimination based on race, a hostile work environment, and retaliation in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

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Failure to Produce Recordings Stored on Computer Results in Exclusion

Shank v. Kitsap County, et al., 2005 WL 2099793 (W.D.Wash. Aug. 30, 2005)

Charles Shank ("Shank") sued Kitsap County, a Washington State Municipal Corporation, and several individuals (collectively "Kitsap") in connection with alleged employment-related violations under 42 USC § 1983. Claims included: failure to receive a pay raise, hostile work environment, and failure to receive a promotion.

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Court Imposes Sanctions and Allows Re-deposition of Witnesses Due to Belated Production of Email

Tracy v. Financial Insurance Management Corp., 2005 WL 2100261 (S.D.Ind. Aug. 22, 2005)

Justin Tracy ("Tracy") filed a Motion for Sanctions under Rule 37 and Other Relief in a case involving allegations of Americans with Disabilities Act and Employee Retirement Income Security Act violations. Tracy claimed that Financial Insurance Management Corporation ("FIMC") had interfered with the discovery process by producing email at the eleventh hour after the deposition of key witnesses had commenced. The motion, which also sought relief for other alleged discovery violations, was granted in part and denied in part.

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Court Affirms Adverse Inference Sanction and Inadmissibility of Spoliation-related Prejudicial Evidence

Foust, et al. v. McFarland, et al., 698 N.W. 2d 24 (Minn. Ct. App. 2005)

On May 15, 1998, Jeffrey L. Foust ("Foust") suffered brain and other injuries when his vehicle was struck by a truck driven by John R. McFarland ("McFarland"). The truck had failed to yield at an intersection where traffic signals had been disabled by a storm. A jury awarded Plaintiffs $11,310,464, despite a finding that Foust had intentionally destroyed electronic evidence.

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Automatic Purging of 21-day-old Email Risky But Defensible; Failure to Preserve Following Notice of Potential Litigation Results in Sanctions

Broccoli, et al. v. Echostar Communications Corp., et al., 229 F.R.D. 506 (D.Md. 2005)

Dino Broccoli ("Broccoli") sued Echostar Communications Corp. and Dish Network Corp. (collectively referred to as "Echostar") and Stacie Andersen ("Andersen") in connection with employment discrimination. He claims that Andersen, a human resources manager at Echostar, created a hostile work environment via sexual harassment, caused termination of his employment because he rebuffed her advances, and subsequently provided false and defamatory employment references. Broccoli prevailed on claims of breach of contract and violation of the Maryland Wage Payment and Collection Act, but not on claims of sexual harassment and retaliation under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 nor tortious interference with prospective economic advantage.

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Motion to Order Third Party Production of Email Denied Absent Meet and Confer

Bullis v. Nichols, 2005 WL 1838634 (W.D.Wash. Aug. 1, 2005)

Alana K. Bullis ("Bullis") filed a claim which apparently alleges that City of Dupont ("City") public officials are willing to "chill" her speech via an email campaign. In connection with this claim, Bullis sought email from the City via a subpoena duces tecum, which was issued on June 28, 2005.

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Denial of Expert Examination of Metadata Does Not Warrant New Trial

Wild v. Alster, et al., 377 F.Supp.2d 186 (D.D.C. 2005)

Susan Wild ("Wild") sued Dr. Tina Alster ("Alster") for malpractice in connection with laser surgery performed by Alster on Wild's face. Alster prevailed at trial, and Wild sought a new trial alleging error in jury instructions and prejudice from discovery and evidentiary rulings. One basis for the alleged prejudice was the court's decision not to allow expert examination of Alster's computer to determine whether it contained dates indicating when photographs contained therein were taken.

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Defendants Held in Contempt of Order Compelling Discovery; Court Orders $25,000 Payment and Considers Incarceration of CEO and President

Cooney, et al. v. Beverly Enter., Inc., et al., No. CV 2003-1049-3 (Saline County Cir. Ct., Ark. June 15, 2005) (order imposing sanctions upon Beverly Defendants)

The Arkansas Daily Blog reported on June 25, 2005 that Beverly Enterprises, a nursing home chain, has recently been subject to unfavorable rulings in connection with class action litigation. A link to the entry can be found here. The litigation reportedly involves allegations of unsanitary food, unclean bathrooms, smelly premises, and substandard care.

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Court Did Not Abuse Discretion by Denying Motion to Strike for Failure to Produce Email

Zhuang v. Datacard Corp., 414 F.3d 849 (8th Cir. 2005)

Xuelin Zhuang ("Zhuang") sued Datacard Corporation ("Datacard") in connection with employment discrimination. Datacard prevailed by summary judgment, and Zhuang appealed. The Eighth Circuit affirmed with respect to claims of discrimination and retaliation, and also found that there was no abuse of discretion in denying Zhuang's motion to strike an email for failure to disclose it during discovery.

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Use of Employer-Issued Laptop Computer by Criminal Defendant for Attorney-Client Communications Does Not Waive Privilege

People v. Jiang, 33 Cal.Rptr.3d 184 (Cal. Ct. App. 2005)

Weibin Jiang ("Jiang"), a native of China with limited English language skills, was convicted and sentenced to state prison for 19 years and 4 months in connection with sexual offenses against A., an acquaintance. The trial court improperly denied Jiang's motion to suppress his statement to police (Miranda warnings were not adequately translated and conveyed), and his conviction was reversed. In addition, the trial court erred in finding that materials prepared by Jiang for Jiang's attorneys and stored on his employer-issued laptop computer were not subject to the attorney-client privilege.

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Magistrate Resolution to Limit Electronic Discovery Costs

J.C. Associates v. Fidelity & Guaranty Ins. Co., 2005 WL 1570140 (D.D.C. July 1, 2005)

Plaintiff alleged that defendant breached the terms of an insurance policy by refusing coverage in connection with plaintiff's use of a pesticide on a property managed by plaintiff. Defendant responded that the "absolute pollution exclusion" applies such that it need not provide coverage. Discovery disputes developed, including a dispute over how defendant must search and produce other claims files in response to a request seeking information related to interpretation of the exclusion.

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Court Not Convinced that Order Requiring Gillette to Hire Vendor for Extensive Electronic Discovery Warranted

Galvin v. Gillette Co., 2005 WL 1476895 (Mass. Super. May 19, 2005) (Unpublished)

On January 27, 2005, The Proctor & Gamble Company ("Proctor & Gamble"), acting through Aquarium Acquisition Corp., agreed to merge with The Gillette Company ("Gillette"). William Francis Galvin, Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts ("the Secretary") has certain statutory authority allowing him to investigate fairness opinions issued by UBS and Goldman, Sachs in support of the merger. The Secretary opened an investigation and caused a subpoena duces tecum to be served on Gillette. When Gillette refused to comply, he sought an order forcing compliance. The subpoena was found too far reaching given that the investigation was supposed to address whether the fairness opinions were fraudulent. The court quashed the subpoena without prejudice. See Galvin v. Gillette Co., 19 Mass.L.Rptr. 291 (Mass.Super, April 28, 2005).

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Failure to Create Data Distinguished from Spoliation and Not Subject to Sanction

Getty Properties Corp. v. Raceway Petroleum, Inc., 2005 WL 1412134 (D.N.J. June 14, 2005)

In 1992, Defendant Third-Party Plaintiff Raceway Petroleum, Inc. ("Raceway") leased a property from Plaintiff Getty Properties Corp. and Third-Party Defendant Power Test Realty, Co., Ltd. (collectively, "Getty"). The property had been used for a gas station by Getty from 1975 to 1992. Raceway began operating its gas station on the site in 1993. Both acknowledged in 1992 that the property was contaminated with gasoline, and Getty was to be responsible for the remediation of any contamination existing prior to the occupation by Raceway. In 1996, the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection noted a gasoline discharge at the property. Getty sued Raceway, alleging that Raceway was responsible for contamination in September 1999. Raceway filed a counterclaim, and motions were filed seeking sanctions for discovery abuses.

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Online Questionnaire Submitted by Prospective Clients Confidential Despite Waiver of Attorney-Client Relationship

Andrew Barton et al. v. United States District Court for the Central District of California, 2005 WL 1355481 (9th Cir. 2005)

A law firm posted a questionnaire on the Internet to gather information regarding class members for potential litigation against SmithKline Beecham Corporation ("SmithKline"). The action under consideration was for injury related to use of the anti-depressant medication Paxil. The firm decided to pursue the matter, and SmithKline sought production of completed questionnaires in order to compare responses to plaintiffs' deposition testimony. U.S. Judge Mariana Pfaelzer held that confidentiality was waived via disclaimers on the questionnaires, despite the questionnaires constituting preliminary consultations with attorneys which are normally privileged. She ordered production of the four trial plaintiffs' questionnaires, and plaintiffs sought a writ of mandamus to reverse this decision arguing that the questionnaires are subject to attorney-client privilege.

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Spoliation Instruction Appropriate where Defendants Failed to Preserve Email

Arndt v. First Union Nat'l Bank, 613 S.E.2d 274
(N.C. Ct.App. 2005)

Donald Arndt ("Arndt") was hired by First Union National Bank ("First Union") in June 1996 with an initial salary of $90,000 per year and a guaranteed minimum incentive payment of $90,000. Brian Simpson ("Simpson"), Arndt's manager, orally agreed to pay Arndt 20% of all net income that Arndt generated. First Union decided to implement a more subjective bonus formula in 1999 and reduced Arndt's bonus to about 10% in 2000, allegedly due to a failed project and poor employee evaluation ratings.

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Seventh Circuit Reverses Sanction Requiring Production of Documents Listed on Privilege Log

American National Bank and Trust Co. of Chicago v. Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States, 406 F.3d 867 (7th Cir. 2005)

American National Bank and Trust Co. of Chicago, as Trustee f/b/o Emerald Investments LP, and Emerald Investments LP ("Emerald") sued Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States ("Equitable") in tort and contract, asserting that Equitable was trying to restrict Emerald's sub-trading of annuities purchased from Equitable. Equitable tried to protect a number of documents by asserting attorney-client privilege. Emerald resisted by arguing that Equitable was withholding non-privileged material and repeatedly challenging defendant's privilege log.

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Navy Required to Query Database for Production of Relevant Data

Jinks-Umstead v. England, 227 F.R.D. 143 (D.D.C. 2005)

Plaintiff, a Contracting Officer, claimed that decisions by the Navy to reduce staffing and remove her supervisory status were in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. The Navy responded that its actions were prompted by legitimate business reasons. A new trial had been ordered, partly because the Navy produced work in place ("WIP") reports in the middle of the trial despite earlier representations that reports were not available. These reports might show whether staffing changes were appropriately justified. Plaintiff filed four post-trial discovery motions. All were denied, other than the motion to compel the Navy to supplement initial disclosures and responses to requests for production, which was granted in part.

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Use of Evidence Eliminator Results in Default Judgment Recommendation and Award of $145,811.75 in Expenses and Costs

Communications Center, Inc. v. Matthew Hewitt, et al., Civil No. S-03-1968 WBS KJM (E. D. Cal. Apr. 5, 2005)

In this case, where plaintiff alleged multiple causes of action, the court ordered defendant to provide mirror images of any hard drives in defendant's possession that contained documents responsive to plaintiff's requests for production. Documents were to be designated "Attorney's Eyes Only" and subject to protective order. Defense counsel indicated that nothing would be withheld. Nevertheless, electronic evidence was destroyed and plaintiff filed a motion for sanctions.

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Supreme Court Overturns Arthur Andersen's Conviction for Destroying Enron-Related Documents

Arthur Andersen LLP v. United States, 125 S.Ct. 2129 (2005)

Arthur Andersen, Enron's auditor, instructed employees to destroy documents pursuant to its document retention policy when Enron's financial problems became public in 2001. Arthur Andersen was convicted under USC ?߬ߠ1512(b)(2)(A) and (B) in connection this destruction. The conviction was affirmed by the Fifth Circuit, but today was reversed by the Supreme Court because jury instructions failed to convey properly the elements of a corrupt persuasion conviction under ?߱512(b).

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Email from In-house Counsel Forwarded within Company Retains Privilege; Inadvertent Production Does Not Waive Privilege

Premiere Digital Access, Inc. v. Central Telephone Co., 360 F.Supp.2d 1168 (D. Nev. 2005)

Premiere Digital Access, Inc. ("Premiere") is suing Central Telephone Co. d/b/a/ Sprint of Nevada ("Sprint") for breach of contract, violation of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing, restraint of trade, and unconscionable contract. Premiere, an Internet service provider ("ISP"), had an agreement with Sprint whereby Sprint was to provide certain services to facilitate Internet access for Premiere's customers.

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Privilege Not Necessarily Waived Where Email Between Employee and Personal Attorney Maintained on Corporate Email System

In re Asia Global Crossing, Ltd., 322 B.R. 247 (S.D.N.Y. 2005)

Asia Global Crossing, Ltd. and Asia Global Crossing Development Co. (collectively "Asia Global") were pan-Asian telecommunication carriers which filed for bankruptcy under Chapter 11 on November 17, 2002. Asia Global had five principal corporate officers ("the Insiders"). The bankruptcy was converted to Chapter 7 on June 10, 2003 and Robert Geltzer was appointed trustee.

In July 2003, the Insiders' counsel learned that allegedly privileged email had been left behind when Geltzer ordered the premises vacated (John Scanlon, the CEO, received the order while out-of-town and hastily complied.) The Insiders' counsel asked Geltzer's counsel to keep this email confidential. Allegedly privileged hard copy was later found to have also been left behind. It was segregated and held with the email.

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Ninth Circuit Denies Writ of Mandamus: Privilege Objections Waived by Failure to Provide Privilege Log at Time Discovery Responses Served

Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. United States District Court for the District of Montana, 2005 WL 730193 (9th Cir. 2005)

Brian and Ryann Kapsner ("the Kapsners") brought suit against Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. ("Burlington") on July 12, 2002, alleging that Burlington had dumped diesel oil and toxic solvents on their land resulting in contamination. The discovery process was fraught with controversy. The Kapsners filed their first request for production on November 6, 2002. Burlington responded on December 9, 2002, but without a privilege log despite both parties intending and expecting its production.

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Failure to Produce Entire Web Page Constitutes Sanctionable Conduct

Beck v. Atlantic Coast PLC, 868 A.2d 840 (Del. Ch. Feb. 11, 2005)

This case was brought as a class action seeking relief and damages in connection with the marketing and sale of "Window Power Tools." This allegedly sham product, developed by Digital Millennium, Inc. ("DMI") and Salaman Zafar of Pakistan and sold via Atlantic Coast PLC, was advertised as being capable of optimizing Windows. Heinrich Beck, the proposed class representative and alleged victim of the scheme, was in fact a savvy Internet user who was not victimized and decided to pursue those responsible for the product. Beck's web page revealed his true identity and motivation, but its entirety was wrongfully withheld and only revealed via an Internet search by Atlantic Coast.

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Computer Experts and Court Appointed Referee to Clone Hard Drives and Distribute Specified Hard Copies to Litigants

Etzion v. Etzion, 2005 WL 689468 (N.Y.Sup. Feb 17, 2005)

In this matrimonial matter, Plaintiff moved by order to show cause for an order allowing her (with the help of a sheriff) to "gain access" to Defendant's premises and impound, clone, and inspect items containing electronic data. The order was also to shift costs to Defendant and direct Defendant not to make business data inaccessible. The requests were denied, although the Appellate Division granted the part directing Defendant not to disrupt business data. Defendant opposed and cross-moved for a $15 million bond and making Plaintiff responsible for potential harm to his business interests.

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Judge Maass Grants Adverse Inference Instruction in Coleman v. Morgan Stanley

Coleman (Parent) Holdings, Inc. v. Morgan Stanley & Co., Inc., 2005 WL 679071 (Fla. Cir. Ct. Mar. 1, 2005)

Coleman (Parent) Holdings, Inc. ("CPH") sued Morgan Stanley & Co., Inc. ("MS & Co.") for fraud in connection with CPH's sale of its stock in Coleman, Inc. to Sunbeam Corporation. Establishing whether MS & Co. had knowledge of Sunbeam's fraudulent scheme was central to the case, and CPH sought access to MS & Co. documents, including email.

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State Court Issues Preservation Order Despite Some Overlap with Existing Federal Preservation Orders

Weiller v. New York Life Ins. Co., 2004 WL 3245345 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. Mar. 16, 2005) (Unpublished)

Plaintiff brought a putative class action in New York state court alleging that Unumprovident Corporation had engaged in an elaborate scheme to limit its liability to policyholders by denying meritorious claims based on economic factors having nothing to do with insureds' actual qualifications under the policies. Plaintiff named Unumprovident as a defendant, as well as two other disability insurers. Eight other similar class actions are part of a Multi-District Litigation ("MDL") pending in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee, Unum's home venue. In addition, six pending securities class actions accuse Unum of implementing the decade long scheme and seek damages for Unum's alleged failure to maintain sufficient reserves to account for any resulting liabilities. Other related class actions and derivative shareholder suits are also pending against the defendant based on similar claims. Preservation orders were entered in the MDL case and in Keir v. UnumProvident Corp., which required UnumProvident to preserve 25 categories of documents dating back approximately 10 years, including substantially all computer disks and drives, and email files.

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Zubulake VI: Court Rules on Various Motions in Limine and Precludes Admission of Certain Evidence Unless Defendants "Open the Door"

Zubulake v. UBS Warburg LLC., 382 F.Supp.2d 536 (S.D.N.Y. 2005)

In her sixth opinion in this case, Judge Scheindlin ruled on the parties' motions in limine, several of which related to e-discovery issues that were the topics of prior decisions:

1. Defendants moved to preclude the introduction of evidence regarding the court's previous decisions in the case, including the imposition of sanctions on UBS. Granting the motion, the court agreed with defendants that the earlier decisions were irrelevant to plaintiff's discrimination claims and would unfairly prejudice UBS. The court noted that the jurors would be told all they need to know through the evidence admitted at trial and through the court's charge, and that there was no need to reference the court's earlier decisions.

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Federal Court Declines to Exercise Supplemental Jurisdiction Over State Law Claims Stemming From Execution of State Court's Preservation Order

Harrison v. Jones, Walker, Waechter, Poitevent, Carrere & Denegre, L.L.P., 2005 WL 517342 (E.D. La. Feb. 24, 2005)

In this case, a company (NovelAire) filed a complaint against its former employees (Harrison and Bucklin) for breach of agreement and breach of fiduciary duties, intentional interference with a contract, and violations of Lousiana's unfair trade practices act. The same day it filed its complaint, NovelAire applied ex parte for the issuance of a pre-trial discovery order, entitled "Order for Expedited Discovery to Preserve Evidence." The request was based, in part, on an email written by Bucklin that allegedly evidenced the employees' intent to destroy discoverable evidence pertinent to NovelAire's state court case.

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Magistrate Recommends Combination of Remedial Measures for "Excruciatingly Slow and Disjointed Disclosure of Documents"

Lava Trading, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 2005 WL 459267 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 24, 2005)

At the conclusion of discovery, defendant moved for the imposition of sanctions on plaintiff, contending that plaintiff had systematically ignored its discovery obligations under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, violated a series of court orders directing it to produce documents within specified deadlines, and irremediably prejudiced defendant's ability to prepare its case. Defendant sought dismissal of the complaint, or, in the alternative, an order (1) precluding plaintiff from presenting evidence on a series of specific topics, (2) authorizing defendant to place in evidence a quantity of emails produced in an untimely fashion by plaintiff and (3) requiring plaintiff to reimburse defendant for the costs of one deposition session and its current motion.

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Magistrate Recommends Adverse Inference Instruction and Monetary Sanctions for Failure to Preserve Hard Drives, Audio Recordings and Email

E*Trade Securities LLC v. Deutsche Bank AG, et al., Civil No. 02-3711 RHK/AJB and Civil No. 02-3682 RHK/AJB (D. Minn. Feb. 17, 2005)

United States Magistrate Judge Arthur J. Boylan filed a Report and Recommendation regarding several electronic discovery disputes arising in a case where plaintiffs claim that defendants engaged in a fraudulent securities lending scheme. Two plaintiffs moved for sanctions based on certain defendants' alleged spoliation of evidence and failure to conduct a reasonable inquiry in response to discovery requests; defendants opposed the sanctions motion and moved for an award of attorneys' fees and costs. The judge recommended that the plaintiffs' motions for sanctions be granted and that defendants' motion be denied.

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Injunction Prohibiting "Routine" Disposal of Business Records Unrelated to Dispute Is Overbroad

Computek Computer & Office Supplies, Inc. v. Walton, 2005 WL 352036 (Tex.App. Feb. 15, 2005)

Plaintiff sued competing business and its owner, alleging that owner used trade secrets obtained during his employment with plaintiff to form the competing company. The trial court ruled in favor of plaintiff and awarded it actual and exemplary damages. In addition, the trial court entered a permanent injunction against defendant which enjoined defendant from, among other things, "[r]emoving or destroying any files, or copies of files, including but not limited to Defendants' computer or computer files."

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Court Allows Use of Electronic Documents at Trial Despite Late Disclosure

Klyuch v. Freightmasters, Inc., 2005 WL 318786 (D.Minn. Feb. 9, 2005)

In this employment discrimination case, the defendant sought to amend its trial exhibit list to include three recently discovered electronic documents which it contended were "germane to the outstanding issues" set to be tried. The defendant provided the documents to opposing counsel as soon as it discovered them, and the court found that there was no evidence of bad faith on behalf of the defendant. The plaintiff argued that the late disclosure was unduly prejudicial.

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Court Orders Party to Correct Technical Problems with Electronic Production, Declines to Appoint Neutral Consultant

United States v. Merck-Medco Managed Care, L.L.C., 2005 WL 273030 (E.D.Pa. Feb. 2, 2005)

This opinion addresses the plaintiff's motion to modify the case management order and establish certain discovery deadlines, as a result of defendant Medco's electronic document production failings.

Earlier, Medco had notified the court of its failure to comply with the court's deadline for document production a week after the deadline had passed. At the same time, Medco failed to inform the court when production would be complete or what documents still needed to be produced. Several weeks later, Medco claimed that its electronic document production was complete, with three exceptions: (1) documents that were withheld as privileged but that may not be privileged; (2) thirteen additional boxes; and (3) corrupted data that Medco was restoring. Plaintiffs, however, claimed that Medco's electronic document production was still incomplete because several disks were defective and because there were major technical defects discovered in the electronic claims data that Medco had produced, including: (1) hard drive disk errors; (2) files containing questionable or missing data; and (3) and other technical file related issues.

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Judge Denies Forensic Search of Employer's Information Systems to Confirm "Highly Speculative Conjecture"

Williams v. Mass. Mut. Life Ins. Co., 226 F.R.D. 144 (D. Mass. 2005)

In this wrongful termination case, plaintiff sought the court's help in obtaining from defendant employer a particular email he claimed to have seen and possessed at one point, but no longer possessed. He sought an order appointing a neutral computer forensics expert to conduct the search for the email, and, in the event the email was discovered, to conduct an additional, more detailed electronic investigation "'to locate and retrieve all electronic communications related to his employment and termination that have not as yet been produced by defendants.'" He also sought an order requiring defendants to "'preserve all documents and information, whether in electronic or paper form, to suspend all recycling of any backup tapes, any automated deletion of e-mail, the reformatting of hard drives, and/or that an appropriate medium for retention of this type of data be disclosed and utilized.'"

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Monetary Sanctions Imposed for "painstaking and slow" Production

Green v. Baca, 225 F.R.D. 612 (C.D.Cal. 2005)

In this case, the court found that plaintiff's efforts to obtain discovery regarding the over-detention of inmates in the Los Angeles County jail system were "unduly complicated and extraordinarily delayed by the failure of the County and/or its counsel to investigate promptly and effectively the records available, both in hard-copy and computer-based formats, regarding such over-detentions." For almost nine months, the court and plaintiff's counsel were never specifically apprised of the availability of computer-based records regarding over-detentions, despite extensive questioning by the court and court orders that declarations be provided regarding the availability of such documents and the burden associated with their production.

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Court Orders Production of Computerized Activity Log Revealed by Former Employee

Treace v. UNUM Life Ins. Co., 2004 WL 3142215 (W.D.Tenn. Aug. 10, 2004)

Insured sued UNUM Life Insurance Company for breach of contract, bad faith, and related torts based upon Unum's denial of her disability claim. In response to an interrogatory seeking the identities of individuals who had contact with plaintiff about the claim, Unum represented that any record of telephone conversations with a claimant were kept in the claim file (which had already been produced) and it would be the same burden on both parties to search through those records to compile a "telephone log."

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Magistrate Judge Orders Plaintiff to Describe Scope of Document Search in Detail

Icu Medical, Inc. v. B. Braun Medical, Inc., 2005 WL 151927 (N.D.Cal. Jan. 4, 2005)

In response to a joint discovery dispute letter in which defendant sought an order requiring plaintiff to conduct an adequate search for documents in response to defendant's production requests, the magistrate judge ordered:

(1) To the extent not already completed, plaintiff shall search all computerized files, emails, voice mails, work files, desk files, calendars and diaries, and any other locations and sources if materials of the type to be produced might plausibly be expected to be found there. Said search shall be completed no later than January 25, 2005;

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Failure to Serve Privilege Log by Court's Deadline Did Not Effect Waiver

Streamline Capital, LLC v. Hartford Cas. Ins. Co., 2005 WL 66898 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 11, 2005)

Previously, the defendant had sought sanctions for spoliation of evidence, arguing that plaintiff's two principals (key witnesses in the case) had systematically deleted potentially relevant emails before and during the litigation. At that time, the magistrate judge deferred any decision on sanctions and ordered the two witnesses to consent to the production of pertinent emails still available through their email service companies in order to determine, to the extent possible, the degree of prejudice defendant suffered by virtue of the deletions. See Streamline Capital LLC v. Hartford Cas. Ins. Co., 2004 WL 2663564 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 19, 2004). The court ordered that any recovered emails be delivered to plaintiff's counsel to review for privilege, and that the balance of the emails be produced to defendant. This most recent opinion addresses defendant's motion to compel production of several of the recovered emails withheld by plaintiff as privileged.

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Sanctions Not Warranted for Failure to Preserve Voicemail Messages

Burrell v. Anderson, 353 F.Supp.2d 55 (D. Me. 2005)

Plaintiff sued county and various employees of police department and attorney general's office alleging due process, equal protection, First Amendment, and civil rights conspiracy claims stemming from incidents involving either plaintiff and his former girlfriend, or their daughter. Plaintiff contended that the defendant employees improperly responded or unacceptably failed to respond to these incidents because of gender-discriminatory attitudes and policies pertaining to domestic abuse.

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Defendant's Use of "Evidence Eliminator" Software Warrants Adverse Inference

DirecTV, Inc. v. Borow, 2005 WL 43261 (N.D.Ill. Jan. 6, 2005)

In this case, the court granted summary judgment in favor of plaintiff DirecTV and against defendant Randy Borow on claims stemming from Borow's unauthorized use of plaintiff's satellite television signal. Summary judgment was warranted, in part, because defendant had not offered sufficient evidence to rebut the presumption that arose from his destruction of relevant evidence.

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Magistrate Recommends Default Judgment Against "Big Four" Accounting Firm for Electronic Discovery Abuses

In re Telxon Corp. Securities Litigation, 2004 WL 3192729 (N.D.Ohio July 16, 2004)

Recommending that default judgment on liability be entered against third party defendant, PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP, the judge stated "it would be difficult for anyone to argue that PWC's conduct over the course of the litigation, particularly its repeated assurances to the court and to the parties that it had fully disclosed all relevant information, was not due to willfulness, bad faith or fault." The judge criticized PWC for, among other things: failing at the start of discovery to check thoroughly its local servers and its archives for relevant documents, failing to produce documents as they were kept in the ordinary course of business, failing to reproduce thoroughly and accurately all documents and their attachments, and, prior to litigation, permitting the destruction of documents despite committing to their preservation. The court stated the only conclusion it can reach "is that PWC and/or its counsel engaged in deliberate fraud or was so recklessly indifferent to their responsibilities as a party to litigation that they failed to take the most basic steps to fulfill those responsibilities."

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Court Upholds $2,442,440.97 in Discovery Abuse Sanctions

Nartron Corp. v. General Motors Corp., 2005 WL 26991 (Mich. Ct. App. Jan. 6, 2005) (unpublished)

In a prior appeal, the court affirmed the trial judge's order granting summary judgment dismissing plaintiff's breach of contract claim and dismissing with prejudice plaintiff's remaining claims as a sanction for discovery abuses. See Nartron Corp. v. Gen. Motors Corp., 2003 WL 1985261 (Mich. Ct. App. Apr. 29, 2003) (unpublished). Thereafter, the trial court entered judgment ordering plaintiff to pay costs and sanctions in the amount of $2,442,440.97, representing $1,912,630.66 in attorneys' fees, $159,542.10 in legal assistant fees, $361,641.71 in expert witness fees, and additional costs for the special discovery master. The trial court further ordered plaintiff to pay prejudgment interest in the amount of $1,708,515.77, for a total judgment of $4,150,956.24.

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Summary Judgment for Defendants Ends Rowe Entm't, Inc.

Rowe Entm't, Inc. v. The William Morris Agency, Inc., 2005 WL 22833 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 5, 2005)

The court recently granted summary judgment for the defendants in this seminal E-discovery cost-shifting case, having concluded that plaintiffs "raised no genuine issue of material fact and that no rational trier of fact could find for plaintiffs on any of the myriad of claims made in this action." Plaintiffs were concert promoters who claimed that booking agencies and other promoters had engaged in discriminatory and anti-competitive practices.

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Zubulake V: Court Grants Adverse Inference Instruction and Outlines Counsel's Role in Locating, Preserving and Producing Relevant Evidence

Zubulake v. UBS Warburg, LLC, 229 F.R.D. 422 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) ("Zubulake V")

In this fifth written opinion in this employment litigation, the court concluded that UBS had failed to take all necessary steps to guarantee that relevant data was both preserved and produced, and granted the plaintiff's motion for sanctions. Specifically, the court ruled that the jury would be given an adverse inference instruction with respect to deleted emails, that UBS pay the costs of any depositions or re-depositions required by its late production of email, and that UBS reimburse plaintiff for the costs of the motion.

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Plaintiff Potentially Liable in Tort for Electronic Collection Sanctioned by Court

Harrison v. Jones, Walker, Waechter, Poitevent, Carrere & Denegre, L.L.P., 2004 WL 2984815 (E.D.La. Dec. 9, 2004)

In this case, a company (NovelAire) filed a complaint against its former employees (Harrison and Bucklin) for breach of agreement and breach of fiduciary duties, intentional interference with a contract, and violations of Lousiana's unfair trade practices act. The same day it filed its complaint, NovelAire applied ex parte for the issuance of a pre-trial discovery order, entitled "Order for Expedited Discovery to Preserve Evidence." The request was based, in part, on an email written by Bucklin that allegedly evidenced the employees' intent to destroy discoverable evidence pertinent to NovelAire's state court case. After reviewing the request, the judge ordered the sheriff to serve the discovery order on Harrison and Bucklin and remain on the premises until the order had been carried out.

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Demanding Party to Pay for Recovery from Backup Tapes in "Proper Case"

Toshiba American Elec. Components, Inc. v. Superior Court, 2004 WL 2757873 (Cal.App. Dec. 3, 2004)

In this discovery dispute, the parties disagreed about whether the demanding party or the responding party should pay the cost (estimated to be as much as $1.9 million) for recovering email from computer backup tapes. The court concluded that in a proper case, California Code of Civil Procedure, Section 2031 (g)(1) requires the demanding party to pay that expense. Declining to resolve the immediate dispute, the court ruled that the determination of a "proper case" is a factual matter best left to the discretion of the trial court.

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Magistrate Orders Witnesses to Authorize Retrieval of Email from Service Providers

Streamline Capital LLC v. Hartford Cas. Ins. Co., 2004 WL 2663564 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 19, 2004)

Defendant sought sanctions when evidence showed that two key witnesses (principals of plaintiff, Maass and Chutijian) systematically deleted potentially relevant emails before and during litigation. Specifically, defendant sought an order (1) precluding plaintiff from presenting certain evidence and calling certain witnesses at trial and (2) requiring the two witnesses to execute consents authorizing Yahoo, Inc. and Microsoft Corporation to release to defendant all e-mails sent from or to Maass or Chutjian since June 30, 2000; all e-mails sent between Maass and Chutjian at any time (including as "cc's"); and all e-mails between Maass or Chutjian any of eight specified e-mail addresses.

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Court Refines Balancing Test for Evaluating Motions for Preservation Orders

Capricorn Power Co., Inc. v. Siemens Westinghouse Power Corp., 220 F.R.D. 429 (W.D.Pa. 2004)

After the court declared a mistrial based on plaintiff's mid-trial production of an expert report, the parties cross-moved for preservation orders. The court began its analysis by observing that the four-prong test typically applied to matters concerning injunctive relief was not a completely appropriate test to utilize when examining the need for a preservation order, particularly since proof of a probability of success in the litigation is not an appropriate consideration in determining whether to order preservation of documents.

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Electronic Data Discoverable Despite Production of Hard Copy and Necessity for Extraction Software

Anti-Monopoly, Inc. v. Hasbro, Inc., 1995 WL 649934 (S.D.N.Y., Nov. 3, 1995)

Defendants resisted a motion to compel production of computerized data on grounds that they would have to "create" the information in electronic format. They stated that certain reports would be produced in hard copy form only, since they were no longer available in electronic form.

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Court Directs Production of Electronic Material in Native Format

Jicarilla Apache Nation v. United States, 60 Fed.Cl. 413 (2004)

In a case involving claims by a Native American Indian tribe against the United States based upon the government's mismanagement of trust funds, the court entered a confidentiality agreement and protective order which provided, among other things:

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Court Denies Motion to Compel Review of CD-ROMs for Responsive Documents

Zakre v. Norddeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale, 2004 WL 764895 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 9, 2004)

Plaintiff requested an order compelling defendant to review for responsive documents two compact discs containing some 204,000 emails. Defendant had conducted a review of the emails for privileged documents, but did not conduct a review for responsiveness to plaintiff's specific document requests. Instead, the emails were provided to plaintiff in a text-searchable format. "In other words, plaintiff may search either disc for single words or phrases, or combinations of words or phrases." 2004 WL 764895, at *1.

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Court Awards $93,125.74 in Sanctions to Defendant in Kucala Enter. Case

Kucala Enter., Ltd. v. Auto Wax Co., Inc., 2004 WL 742252 (N.D.Ill. Apr. 6, 2004)

Here, the court ruled on the defendant's request for fees and costs stemming from the plaintiff's discovery abuses, and other discovery matters.

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Court Orders Production of Documents Related to Retention Policy in light of "Shred Day"

Rambus, Inc. v. Infineon Tech. AG, 220 F.R.D. 264 (E.D. Va. 2004)

Plaintiff had brought parallel patent infringement suits against a number of defendants in several forums. After it was discovered that the plaintiff had committed various acts of litigation misconduct, including the intentional destruction of relevant documents, the defendant moved to compel discovery into the plaintiff's document retention, destruction, collection, and production.

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Court Denies Motion to Compel Production of Electronic Versions of Previously Produced Hard Copy

Northern Crossarm Co., Inc. v. Chem. Specialties, Inc., 2004 WL 635606 (W.D. Wis. Mar. 3, 2004)

Defendant produced its email in hardcopy form, amounting to about 65,000 pages, and plaintiff moved to compel defendant to produce the email in electronic form. The court denied the motion, stating:

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Production of Electronic Materials Ordered without Cost-shifting Despite Claims of Undue Burden

Super Film of America, Inc. v. UCB Films, Inc., 219 F.R.D. 649 (D.Kan. 2004)

Defendant sought discovery of electronic versions of e-mail, documents, databases and spreadsheets falling within the scope of Fed.R.Civ.P. 26 or defendant's document requests. Plaintiff had made available to SFA non-archived electronic versions of e-mail, documents and spreadsheets, and stated that it had attempted to provide electronic copies of the documents requested within its "knowledge or expertise" of how to retrieve such documents from the company's two computers. It argued that it did not have the expertise to recover any further electronic documents, and the court's order requiring such production would be unduly burdensome.

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Court to Require Production of Electronic Data Index Only if Quick and Cheap Searching of CD-ROMs Unavailable

In re Lorazepam & Chlorazepate Antitrust Litig., 300 F.Supp.2d 43 (D.D.C. 2004)

Plaintiffs are Blue Cross Blue Shield of Minnesota and of Massachusetts, the Federated Mutual Insurance Company, and the Health Care Service Corporation ("the Blues"). They opted out of a settlement premised on antitrust violations by the defendant, Mylan Laboratories ("Mylan").

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Court Precludes Offering of Evidence as Sanction for Discovery Evasion

In re LTV Steel Co., Inc., 307 B.R. 37 (N.D. Ohio 2004)

In bankruptcy proceeding, a creditor ("C&K") submitted a claim for $1.9 million against the estate, a portion of which the debtor agreed was due. When the debtor sought discovery from the creditor relating to the disputed portion of the claim, C&K objected, offering new and different grounds as the debtor attempted to respond to the stated objections.

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Defendant Precluded from Using 80,000 Emails It Belatedly Produced

Thompson v. United States Dep't of Hous. & Urban Dev., 219 F.R.D. 93 (D.Md. 2003)

Plaintiff filed a motion in limine to bar the defendant from calling certain witnesses based upon the defendant's failure to produce 80,000 responsive email records until long after the discovery cut-off deadline. After making its initial rulings, and having observed that the issues presented had not yet been addressed in a published opinion in the District of Maryland, the court issued this opinion in order to provide a fuller explanation for its rulings.

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Court Denies Motion Requiring Defendant to Allow Plaintiff onto Premises for Collection of Electronic Material

Bethea v. Comcast, 218 F.R.D. 328 (D.D.C. 2003)

Plaintiff in an employment discrimination suit moved for an order compelling defendants to allow her to enter upon their premises, inspect their computer systems and related programs, and copy any information relevant to her claims. Plaintiff was dissatisfied with the results of the discovery process and suspected that defendants possessed more information than they had produced.

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Court Directs Production in Native Electronic Form Notwithstanding Prior Hard Copy Production

In re Honeywell Int'l, Inc. Sec. Litig., 230 F.R.D. 293 (S.D.N.Y. 2003)

Class plaintiffs served a third party subpoena on defendant's accountant, PriceWaterhouseCoopers ("PWC"), and PWC produced approximately 63,500 pages of documents. Plaintiffs moved to compel production of certain categories of documents withheld by PWC from that production, while PWC cross- moves to quash the subpoena.

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Court Denies Sanctions for Destruction of Certain Electronic Evidence

Wiginton v. Ellis, 2003 WL 22439865 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 27, 2003)

Plaintiff sued for sexual harassment as a putative class representative. During the course of discovery, the parties agreed on a preservation order; however, prior to that time, the defendant had continued its normal document retention and destruction policies, had not informed its director of network services that any material should be retained, and never informed its employees about the need to retain documents relevant to the lawsuit (although it had issued a notice to employees to save documents specifically related to the plaintiff, which the court found too narrow in scope). Backup tapes were recycled and former employees' hard drives were not saved, including that of the plaintiff's former supervisor.

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Court Adopts Most of Magistrate's Recommendations in Kucala Enter. Case

Kucala Enter., Ltd. V. Auto Wax Co., Inc., 2003 WL 21230605 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 27, 2003)

Ruling on plaintiff's objections to the report and recommendations of the magistrate, the court declined to enter the ultimate sanction of default. The court adopted the factual findings of the magistrate, and adopted his recommendations with the one exception that the court would allow the plaintiff to proceed on its claim of non-infringement and to defend the infringement counterclaim, "on the condition that all discovery be made forthwith." 2003 WL 22433095, at *7.

Zubulake IV: Court Denies Motion for Adverse Inference Instruction but Defendant to Pay for Re-deposing Witnesses

Zubulake v. UBS Warburg LLC, 220 F.R.D. 212 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) ("Zubulake IV")

During the restoration effort described in the court's prior opinions, the parties discovered that certain backup tapes were missing. It also became clear that certain isolated, relevant emails created after Zubulake's initial EEOC charge had been deleted from UBS's system, and existed only on backup tapes.

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Court Abused Discretion by Allowing Direct Access to Databases Sans Evidence of Improper Conduct

In re Ford Motor Co., 345 F.3d 1315 (11th Cir. 2003)

Personal injury plaintiff alleged that seatbelt buckle was defectively designed because it "inertially unlatched" during an accident, causing her injuries. Plaintiff filed a motion to compel seeking direct access to two Ford databases for the purpose of conducting searches for related claims; one database contained records of all customer contacts with Ford, and the other contained records of contacts by dealers, personnel and other sources.

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Court Orders Production of Backup Tapes and Provides for Hard Drive Access Based on Failure to Preserve Evidence

Renda Marine, Inc. v. United States, 58 Fed.Cl. 57 (2003)

Plaintiff moved to compel defendant to produce e-mail and related documents, asserting that, based on defendant's own admission, defendant did not search any hard drives or back-up tapes in preparing its response to plaintiff's document production requests. The requests specifically asked for back-up tapes. In addition, plaintiff sought access to the hard drive of a key player, based upon his admission that it is his practice to delete emails after sending or responding to them. 2003 WL 22427413, at *2.

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Court Finds Preservation Efforts Deficient

Keir v. Unumprovident Corp., 2003 WL 21997747 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 22, 2003)

In ERISA action, parties engaged in two months of discovery, an evidentiary hearing, briefing and oral argument to address defendant's failure to preserve backup tapes containing email from six particular days.

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Zubulake III: Applying Seven-factor Test, Court Orders Plaintiff to Pay 25 Percent of Costs for Restoration of Backup Tapes

Zubulake v. UBS Warburg LLC, 216 F.R.D. 280 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) ("Zubulake III")

After reviewing the results of the sample restoration, plaintiff moved for an order compelling defendant to produce all remaining backup emails at its expense. The sample restoration netted approximately 600 responsive emails, costing defendant $19,003 for restoration, attorney review and paralegal work associated with the production. The defendant asked that the cost of any further production - estimated to be $273,649 (including $165,955 to restore and search the tapes and $107,695 in attorney and paralegal review costs) - be shifted to plaintiff.

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Magistrate Recommends Dismissal with Prejudice when Plaintiff Erases Hard Drive

Kucala Enter., Ltd. V. Auto Wax Co., Inc., 2003 WL 21230605 (N.D. Ill. May 28, 2003)

Competitor sought declaratory judgment that defendant's patent for a particular type of automobile detailing clay was invalid. Defendant sought discovery relating to plaintiff's manufacturing process, and the court ordered the production to be via computer files or hard copy.

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Zubulake I: Court Orders Production of Deleted Email from Backup Tapes and Articulates Cost-shifting Analysis

Zubulake v. UBS Warburg LLC, 217 F.R.D. 309 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) ("Zubulake I")

Plaintiff in employment discrimination suit contended that key evidence was located in various emails exchanged among defendant's employees that existed only on backup tapes and perhaps other archived media. According to defendant, restoration of the emails would cost approximately $175,000, exclusive of attorney review time. Plaintiff moved for an order compelling the defendant to produce the email at its own expense.

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Court Applies Rowe Entertainment Balancing Test and Provides Plan for Electronic Discovery

Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Inc. v. Michelson, 56 Fed.R.Serv.3d 1159, 2003 WL 21468573 (W.D. Tenn. May 13, 2003)

In case involving trade secrets, patents and trade information in the field of spinal fusion medical technology, defendant moved for production of 996 network backup tapes containing, among other things, electronic mail, plus an estimated 300 gigabytes of other electronic data not in a backed-up format.

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Case Dismissed as Sanction for Electronic Discovery Abuses

Nartron Corp. v. Gen. Motors Corp., 2003 WL 1985261 (Mich. Ct. App. Apr. 29, 2003)

In contract breach action, plaintiff claimed that GMC prematurely discontinued use of component part, which plaintiff had developed based on GMC's projections of large volume purchases over an extended period of time. Plaintiff sought damages for research and development costs associated with the component part; consequently, evidence of plaintiff's R & D payroll was a primary focus of discovery.

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Court Upholds Preliminary Injunction to Preserve Data for Recovery

Dodge, Warren & Peters Ins. Services, Inc. v. Riley, 130 Cal.Rptr.2d 385 (Cal. Ct. App. 2003)

Insurance brokerage firm sued former employees who, before forming their own firm, copied and removed documents maintained in files and computer storage media for their own future use.

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Court Orders Severe Sanctions for Egregious Discovery Abuses

Metropolitan Opera Association, Inc. v. Local 100, 212 F.R.D. 178 (S.D.N.Y. 2003)

Similar to Danis v. USN Communications, Inc., 2000 WL 1694325 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 23, 2000), this case chronicles the myriad failings and misrepresentations of defense counsel regarding discovery obligations.

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Court Determines that Additional Searches Are Largely Unwarranted Based on Test-run of Backup Tape Restoration

McPeek v. Ashcroft, 212 F.R.D. 33 (D.D.C. 2003)
After initial search of certain backup tapes was conducted, the parties offered the court differing views of the success of the search and the need for additional searches.

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Court to Order Sanctions if Plaintiff Fails to Correct or Clarify Discovery Record

Liafail, Inc. v. Learning 2000, Inc., 2002 WL 31954396 (D. Del. Dec. 23, 2002)

In action for contract breach and trademark infringement, and pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(1), Liafail identified its national sales manager as likely to have discoverable information; the sales manager was a former sales manager of defendant ("L2K"). In response to L2K's discovery requests, the sales manager gave Liafail the L2K-issued laptop that he had used while gaining knowledge of the day-to-day operations of L2K.

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Court has Broad Discretion to Fashion Sanctions for Breach of Discovery Obligations

Residential Funding Corp. v. DeGeorge Fin. Corp., 306 F.3d 99 (2d Cir. 2002)

The litigation involved cross claims for, among other things, breach of contract stemming from events occurring in late 1998. At a discovery planning conference, the parties agreed that discovery would be completed by August 1, 2001, and the case would be ready for trial by September 1, 2001. Defendant's discovery requests sought the production of email; plaintiff raised no objection to the requests and agreed to "work diligently" to produce the responsive email. 306 F.3d at 102.

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Motion to Compel Search of Backup Tapes Denied Despite Offer to Pay Expenses

Cognex Corp. v. Electro Scientific Ind., Inc., 2002 WL 32309413 (D. Mass. July 2, 2002)

In this patent infringement case, plaintiff moved to compel a search of defendant's backup tapes for documents responsive to its document request, offering to share the cost of the search, or even pay the entire cost. At issue were 820 backup tapes covering 1992 through 2001, which defendant said contained approximately four terabytes of information. It was estimated that, if printed, the tapes would yield almost three billion pages.

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Plaintiffs Allowed Discovery of Archived Email Only if Willing to Share Expense

Byers v. Ill. State Police, 2002 WL 1264004, 53 Fed.R.Serv.3d 740 (N.D. Ill. 2002)

Plaintiffs in sex discrimination suit moved to compel defendants to produce email stored on backup tapes created daily over an eight-year period. Based on the cost of the proposed search and plaintiffs' failure to establish that the search would likely uncover relevant information, the court concluded that plaintiffs were entitled to the archived emails only if they were willing to pay for part of the cost of production. 2002 WL 1264004, at *12.

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Court Denies Motion to Compel Production of Electronic Databases

Jones v. Goord, 2002 WL 1007614 (S.D.N.Y. May 16, 2002)

Prisoners brought class action suit challenging state's program of housing two prisoners in a cell originally designed for one prisoner, arguing that the practice increased disease transmission and violence among the prisoners. After more than three years of discovery, plaintiffs sought the production of six different electronic databases.

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Court Orders Production to Plaintiff"s Expert for Keyword Search

Tulip Computers Int'l B.V. v. Dell Computer Corp., 2002 WL 818061, 52 Fed.R.Serv.3d 1420 (D.Del. 2002)

Plaintiff brought a motion to compel and a motion for sanctions based on numerous discovery disputes relating to hard copy and electronic material. Plaintiff complained that, among other things, defendant had failed to produce any email or electronic documents for any senior employees. Defendant argued that it had circulated plaintiff's document requests to over 300 employees, and all responsive documents had been produced. 2002 WL 818061, at *4.

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Plaintiff Wins Early Order for Preservation, Expedited Discovery, and Forensic Examination

Antioch Co. v. Scrapbook Borders, Inc., 210 F.R.D. 645 (D. Minn. 2002)

Plaintiff sued former consultant and competing company for copyright infringement and unfair competition. Prior to any pretrial conference or entry of a scheduling order, and before any formal discovery had commenced, plaintiff moved for the entry of a preservation order, expedited discovery, and the appointment of a neutral computer forensics expert for the purposes of copying defendants' hard drives.

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Court Denies Discovery of Email System Based on Mere Speculation of Email Alterations

Stallings-Daniel v. N. Trust Co., 2002 WL 385566, 52 Fed.R.Serv.3d 1406 (N.D. Ill. 2002)

Employment discrimination plaintiff sought reconsideration of court's order denying her use of an expert "to conduct so-called 'electronic discovery' of [defendant's] e-mail system." 2002 WL 385566, at *1. Materials had been produced by the defendant in hard copy form.

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Special Master to Review Forensic Computer Specialist's Report on Destroyed Data

In re Triton Energy Ltd. Sec. Litig., 2002 WL 32114464 (E.D. Tex. Mar. 7, 2002)

Plaintiffs complained that hundreds if not thousands of documents were produced after key depositions were taken, or on the eve of the depositions. Plaintiffs requested (1) that defendant be required to provide a log of all documents withheld from plaintiffs on any grounds; (2) that defendant produce a written certification to the court describing the efforts, if any, it has undertaken to comply with the court's previous orders regarding the preservation and production of evidence and their obligations under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act; and (3) that plaintiffs be given access to defendant's computer storage systems (including servers and hard drives) and those of all present and former members of the board of directors, and allow non-destructive testing of these systems to determine what documents and emails, if any, have been deleted and what, if any, of this information bears significantly on the subject matter of the lawsuit.

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Court Orders Plaintiff to Pay $6.2 Million for Production from Defendant's Backup Tapes

Murphy Oil USA, Inc. v. Fluor Daniel, Inc., 2002 WL 246439, 52 Fed.R.Serv.3d 168 (E.D. La. 2002)

Plaintiff sought the production of email from 93 backup tapes. Defendant offered expert testimony that the process would cost over $6.2 million and take over six months to retrieve the material, not including the time required to review the material for responsiveness and privilege. 2002 WL 246439, at *2.

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Plaintiffs Need Not Pay for Hard Copies Since Defendants Failed to Disclose Existence of Electronic Version

In re Bristol-Meyers Squibb Sec. Litig., 205 F.R.D. 437 (D.N.J. 2002)

"The issues presented here raise the increasingly common problem of fair allocation of costs associated with discovery in the age of electronic information." 205 F.R.D. at 439. Plaintiffs had agreed to pay $.10 per page for copying documents which defendants estimated to number around 500,000 pages. Defendants subsequently produced over thee million pages of documents, for which they sought over $300,000 in copying charges.

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Court Affirms Sanctions and Orders $100,000 Recompilation of Computerized Data from Hard Copy

Lombardo v. Broadway Stores, Inc., 2002 WL 86810 (Cal. Ct. App. Jan.22, 2002)

During the course of discovery, defendant repeatedly failed to provide substantive responses to interrogatories or produce certain categories of documents. Finally, more than a year after defendant had agreed to produce computerized payroll data, it revealed that certain computerized records had been "lost, misplaced or destroyed." 2002 WL 81810, at *2.

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Court Uses Balancing Test to Determine Production Cost-shifting and Establishes Protocol for Production

Rowe Entm't, Inc. v. The William Morris Agency, Inc., 205 F.R.D. 421 (S.D.N.Y. 2002)

Plaintiffs sought the production of email from backup tapes and hard drives, and defendants moved for a protective order. The court denied defendant's motion, but shifted the cost of the production to the plaintiffs. In doing so, the court utilized a balancing test that considered eight different factors:

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Court Orders Production of All Materials Made Available to Experts

United States Fid. & Guar. Co. v. Braspetro Oil Serv. Co., 2002 WL 15652, 53 Fed.R.Serv.3d 60 (S.D.N.Y. 2002)

Plaintiffs sought production of privileged documents, on the grounds that defendants had made all of the documents on their privilege log available to their experts, thereby waiving all privilege with respect to those documents, as well as subjecting the documents to the requirements of expert discovery under Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(s).

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Court Denies Motion to Compel Production of Electronic Versions of Previously Produced Hard Copy

McNally Tunneling Corp. v. City of Evanston, 2001 WL 1568879 (N.D. Ill. Dec.10, 2001)

In litigation arising from delays in a municipal sewer project, defendant sought electronic production of email, computerized schedules and cost summaries which had already been produced in hard copy form.

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Government Sanctioned for Spoliation of Electronic Documents

Trigon Ins. Co. v. United States, 204 F.R.D. 277 (E.D. Va. 2001)

In taxpayer suit, government retained a litigation consultant ("AGE") and a number of testifying experts. (One testifying expert was an owner of AGE; and all of the testifying experts coordinated their work through AGE.) During discovery proceedings on the defendant's Daubert motion, it became apparent that a substantial amount of potential evidence had been destroyed. Many of the draft reports and communications among the testifying experts and AGE had been deleted as a result of AGE's document retention policy and the individual practices of the testifying experts.

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Court to Decide Whether to Compel Restoration of Backup Tapes via Marginal Utility Analysis Following a Test Run

McPeek v. Ashcroft, 202 F.R.D. 31 (D.D.C. 2001)

In employment discrimination suit, plaintiff requested that the Department of Justice search its computer backup system for evidence of retaliation. The court stated that there was no controlling authority for the proposition that restoring all backup tapes is necessary in every case. It observed:

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Sanctions Ordered when Attorney Misrepresents Computer's Ability to Cull Data

GTFM, Inc. v. Wal-Mart Stores, 2000 WL 1693615 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 9, 2000)

At a conference with the court, defense counsel made inaccurate representations about defendant's computer system capabilities, stating there was no way to cull certain data. About a year later, plaintiffs deposed a vice-president in the defendant's MIS department and discovered that the defendant's computers were, in fact, capable of providing the information sought by plaintiffs.

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Court Fines CEO and Chastises Corporate Counsel for Failure to Preserve Documents

Danis v. USN Communications, Inc., 2000 WL 1694325, 53 Fed.R.Serv.3d 828 (N.D. Ill. 2000)

After a protracted discovery dispute in which the parties collectively spent over $1.5 million litigating the issue of sanctions, the court determined that the defendants had failed to take adequate steps to preserve potentially relevant documents.

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Plaintiff May Attempt Recovery of Deleted Files at Its Own Cost

Simon Prop. Group L.P. v. mySimon, Inc., 194 F.R.D. 639 (S.D. Ind. 2000)

Although the factual record on plaintiff's motion to compel was "extremely sparse," the court found that plaintiff had shown "some troubling discrepancies with respect to defendant's document production." 194 F.R.D. at 641. The court ruled that the plaintiff was entitled to attempt - at its own expense - the task of recovering deleted computer files from computers used by four key players, whether at home or at work. Id.

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Court Denies Motion to Compel Production from Backup Tapes

In re Gen. Instrument Corp. Sec. Litig., 1999 WL 1072507 (N.D.Ill. Nov. 18, 1999)

Court denied plaintiffs' motion to compel production of email from backup tapes, despite also finding that restoration of tapes could be done without undue expense.

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Plaintiff Allowed to Pursue Recovery of Deleted Email at Its Own Expense

Playboy Ent., Inc. v. Welles, 60 F.Supp.2d 1050 (S.D. Cal. 1999)

After a third party produced email communications between itself and defendant, plaintiff followed up with defense counsel to inquire why the emails had not been produced by defendant. During the meet and confer discussions, plaintiff learned that defendant had a custom and practice of deleting emails shortly after she sent or received them, regardless of their content. Plaintiff sought access to defendant's hard drive for the purpose of recovering emails that may be relevant to the litigation.

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Court Denies Ex Parte Order to Preserve Electronic Evidence

Adobe Sys., Inc. v. South Sun Prods., Inc., 187 F.R.D. 636 (S.D. Cal. 1999)

Software makers sued for copyright infringement, alleging that the defendant had purchased single copies of certain software packages and installed software on multiple computers. On the same day the complaint was filed, plaintiffs sought an ex parte preservation order, arguing that the defendant could easily remove evidence of infringement by deleting software from its computers.

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Court Imposes Sanctions and Solicits Spoliation Instructions; Motion to Compel Production from Backup Tapes Reserved

Linnen v. A.H. Robbins Co., 1999 WL 462015 (Mass. Super. June 16, 1999)

Plaintiffs moved to compel the production of email restored from defendant's backup tapes. The estimated cost of restoration of the tapes and retrieval of responsive email ranged between $300,000 to over $1.4 million.

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Sanctions Denied when Data Destroyed Absent Bad Faith or Showing of Prejudice

N.Y. Nat'l Org. for Women v. Cuomo, 1998 WL 395320 (S.D.N.Y. July 14, 1998)

Potentially relevant material was lost when, at the end of the Cuomo administration, computer databases containing letters and reports sent to the governor, outgoing letters, internal memoranda, monthly summary reports and electronic mail, along with information saved by individual employees on personal computers, were deleted.

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Court Allows Examination of Hard Drive and Servers

Alexander v. FBI., 186 F.R.D. 78 (D.D.C. 1998)

Former government official involved in the "Filegate" investigation testified in deposition that he deleted material from his computer when he changed positions within his department. The court noted that, despite official's claims that he printed out relevant material before deleting it, "cause for concern should exist when an upper-level government employee completely deletes his hard drive when this hard drive may have information relevant to an on-going criminal investigation, let alone the instant case." 186 F.R.D. at 96.

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Court Denies Restoration of Deleted Files in Favor of Targeted Searches

Alexander v. FBI, 188 F.R.D. 111 (D.D.C. 1998)

Plaintiffs sued for Privacy Act violations in connection with the FBI's release of certain files to individuals in the White House. Plaintiffs sought restoration and production of email and deleted files from backup tapes and hard drives.

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Court Need Not Compel Hard Copy Production where More Reasonable Accommodation Available

Sattar v. Motorola, Inc., 138 F.3d 1164 (7th Cir. 1998)

Defendant produced email on four-inch magnetic tapes which plaintiff, lacking the necessary equipment and software, was unable to read. Plaintiff moved to compel the production of the email in hard copy form (some 210,000 pages).

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Court Denies Motion for Adverse Inference and Spoliation Instructions; Motion for Restoration from Backup Tapes Denied

Concord Boat Corp. v. Brunswick Corp., 1997 WL 33352759 (E.D. Ark. Aug. 29, 1997)

For approximately a year, the parties attempted to resolve issues concerning defendant's electronic information. The court instituted a "spot-checking" procedure to help determine the adequacy of all parties' production. Based on results of that procedure, plaintiff moved for an adverse inference/spoliation instruction based on defendant's alleged destruction of email.

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Court Imposes Sanctions for Failure to Review Email and Preserve Data

In re Cheyenne Software, Inc., 1997 WL 714891 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 18, 1997)

Plaintiff moved for various discovery sanctions, demonstrating, among other things, that defendants had failed to review potentially responsive email that had been previously provided to the SEC. The court ruled that defendants would be required to bear the cost of downloading and printing up to 10,000 additional pages of email responsive to key word searches requested by plaintiff. 1997 WL 714891, at *1.

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Court Grants Motion to Compel Production of Information on Computer Disks

Storch v. Ipco Safety Prod. Co. of Pa., 1997 WL 401589 (E.D. Pa. July 16, 1997)

Plaintiff sought production of a disk containing sales data that had been produced in hard copy form, arguing that the electronic version was needed in order to run an analysis of the information. Otherwise, she stated, she would incur between $10,000 and $20,000 in data encoding fees to properly format the information. The defendant merely argued that it was still investigating its ability to provide the information in computerized form.

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Court Denies Motion to Compel Discovery in order to Establish Backdating of Document

Fennell v. First Step Designs, Ltd., 83 F.3d 526 (1st Cir. 1996)

In wrongful termination suit, defendant moved for summary judgment after the close of discovery. Plaintiff sought to continue the motion under Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(f) and requested additional discovery. At issue was a critical document exonerating defendant, which plaintiff claimed had been fabricated or backdated.

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Court Allows Expedited Discovery, Issues Site Inspection Order, and Sanctions Defendant for Deletion of Files

Gates Rubber Co. v. Bando Chem. Ind., Ltd., 167 F.R.D. 90 (D. Colo. 1996)

Based on evidence obtained during discovery that defendant had destroyed computer files, plaintiff was granted expedited discovery and a site inspection order for the purpose of locating and copying materials, including all computer records, that it wished to preserve. However, plaintiff's computer technicians lost or failed to recapture important information because of an inadequate effort.

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Defendant Required to Produce Email at Its Own Expense

In re Brand Name Prescription Drugs Antitrust Litig., 1995 WL 360526 (N.D. Ill. June 15, 1995)

Plaintiffs moved to compel production of email stored on defendant's backup tapes. Claiming to have 30 million pages of email data stored on the subject tapes, the defendant resisted the motion on burdensomeness and other grounds. Defendant estimated that it would cost $50,000 to $70,000 to compile, format, search and retrieve responsive email. 1995 WL 360526, at *1.

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Preservation of Email Required under Federal Records Act

Armstrong v. Executive Office of the President, 1 F.3d 1274 (D.C. Cir. 1993)

Researchers and nonprofit organizations challenged the proposed destruction of federal records (email communications). The court held that substantive email communications constituted "records" under the Federal Records Act, and that, "since there are often fundamental and meaningful differences in content between the paper and electronic versions of these documents," the electronic versions do not lose their status as records when printed out in hard copy. 1 F.3d at 1287. As such, they must be managed and preserved in accordance with the Act.

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Defendant Required to Produce Materials in Electronic Form

In re Air Crash Disaster at Detroit Metro. Airport, 130 F.R.D. 634 (E.D. Mich. 1989)

Defendant aircraft manufacturer produced flight simulator material in hard copy form, and defendant Northwest Airlines moved to compel production of the program and data on computer-readable nine-track magnetic tape. Northwest argued that, without a tape, its expert would be forced to load the material manually onto a nine-track tape, check the input for accuracy, and spend substantial time debugging the program.

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Court Denies Motion Requiring Plaintiff to Pay for Electronic Production by Defendant

Bills v. Kennecott Corp., 108 F.R.D. 459 (D. Utah 1985)

In age discrimination suit, plaintiffs sought production of documents containing detailed information about numerous employees. In order to supply the data to plaintiffs in usable form, defendant offered to supply either a computer tape or printout of the data at plaintiffs' choice, but only on the condition that plaintiffs would pay the cost to generate the information. Defendant produced the material in hard copy, as requested by plaintiffs, and sought an order requiring plaintiffs to remit $5,411.25. 108 F.R.D. at 460.

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Plaintiff Ordered to Produce Computer-readable Tape Previously Produced in Hard Copy Form

Nat'l Union Elec. Corp. v. Matsushita Elec. Ind. Co., 494 F.Supp. 1257 (E.D. Pa. 1980)

Defendant moved to require plaintiff's computer experts to create a computer-readable computer tape containing sales data that had been produced in answers to interrogatories. Although the defendant could themselves create the tape, it would require two months and "many thousands of dollars." 494 F.Supp. at 1258.

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Federal Court Issues Opinion On E-Discovery Sanctions and Evidence Preservation

The federal district court for the Southern District of New York has issued another ruling (available here) relating to electronic discovery in the ongoing matter of Zubulake v. UBS Warburg.

The court's most recent decision, issued October 22, 2003, addresses Zubulake's motion for sanctions against UBS for its failure to preserve missing backup tapes and deleted emails. See Zubulake v. UBS Warburg, LLC, 2003 WL 22410619 (S.D.N.Y.). Although the court established no definitive guidelines regarding when backup tapes must be preserved, the decision discusses this issue at length, describing both situations where the tapes should be preserved, and situations where they need not be preserved.

After considering UBS's failure to preserve the missing backup tapes and deleted emails, the court declined to grant an adverse inference instruction against UBS, or to impose on UBS the full cost of restoring certain backup tapes, but did order UBS to bear the plaintiff's costs of re-deposing certain individuals concerning issues raised either by the destruction of evidence or by any newly-produced emails.

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